1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as a Cellulosic Feedstock: Opportunities and Challenges David Bransby Professor, Energy Crops and Bioenergy Auburn University bransdi@auburn.edu ABFC, New Orleans, June 10, 2015

2. MSW Is the lowest hanging fruit and the most overlooked opportunity in the field of cellulosic feedstocks

3. MSW is the Ultra-low hanging Fruit!

4. MSW not even mentioned

6. Three most important traits for the ideal cellulosic feedstock? 1) COST! 2) COST! 3) COST!

7. Three most important criteria for the ideal cellulosic feedstock? 1) Cost 2) Availability 3) Composition/quality

8. 1) Cost Assume technology can yield 70 gallons of biofuel/dry ton of biomass, and wholesale price is $2.00/gal: Feedstock cost /dry ton Feedstock cost /gallon % of Wholesale Price $0$0.000 $25$0.3618% $50$0.7136% $75$1.o754% $100$1.4371%

9. Tipping Fees Range from $20 to over $100/ton Depending on processing cost and business arrangement with MSW processor (licensing or purchasing processed material), cost of feedstock could be zero or negative CleanTech Biofuels (www.cleantechbiofuels.net) in St. Louis, MO, uses autoclave technology to separate and sterilize MSW for ~$35/tonwww.cleantechbiofuels.net The technology has been in commercial operation in Australia for 6 years Therefore, risk is virtually zero

10. CleanTech Biofuels’ Solution Biomass Out Garbage In Autoclave Steam & Low Pressure MSW Processing Cellulosic Fraction Plastics Metals No Odor! Odor $$$ Metals Plastics $$$

11. CleanTech Biofuels

13. CleanTech Biofuels Autoclave Technology Commercial Plant, Coffs Harbour, Australia

18. Tipping Fees Acquiring the tipping fee can be a challenge, but is critical to ensure economic viability Tipping fees are currently being paid to entities, including large companies, that are making profits from the landfill paradigm However, opportunities to obtain tipping fees do exist

19. Impact of Cost Feedstock cost /dry ton Feedstock cost /gallon % of Wholesale Price MSW: $0.oo$0.000% Crop Residues: $30?$0.4322% Wood: $60$0.8643% Energy crops: $75+$1.o7+54+% Assume technology can yield 70 gallons of biofuel/dry ton of biomass, and wholesale price is $2.00/gal:

20. Availability of MSW What does availability mean? What’s out there is irrelevant Year-round, site specific availability in needed quantities is what’s important Nothing beats MSW!

21. Availability of MSW There are hundreds of landfills that receive over 1,000 tons of MSW daily This amounts to 500+ tons/day of cellulosic feedstock Adequate for most commercial size processing facilities

22. Availability of MSW It’s in close proximity to most urban areas Collection systems are already in place It is generated constantly, so storage is not necessary

23. Particular Opportunity for Florida The Okeechobee Landfill is the fifth largest landfill in the United States, receiving over 7,000 tons of garbage per day, and 2.6 million tons per year

24. Composition of MSW About 50% cellulosic Good for both biological and thermochemical conversion processes Low lignin, so high conversion rates for biological processes Contaminants can be removed by autoclave technology

25. Composition of MSW Paper33.9% Yard trimmings12.9% Food scraps12.4% Plastics11.8% Metals 7.6% Rubber, textiles 7.3% Wood 5.5% Glass 5.3% Other 3.3%

26. Summary MSW is the best near and long term opportunity – ultra-low hanging fruit CleanTech Biofuels (www.cleantechbiofuels.net) has commercially proven technology for separating and sterilizing MSWwww.cleantechbiofuels.net Collection infrastructure already in place

27. Summary No land use or food vs fuel issues involved Low lignin, so good for biological conversion processes Economical with no government subsidies Use for energy reduces environmental problems related to landfills and incineration

28. MSW is the Ultra-low Hanging Fruit!