1. 1. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Day 1 – Section 4

2. 2. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Oil & Gas Industry Santos Well 1968 Middle East 2006

3. 3. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Introduction to the Oil & Gas Industry Section 4

4. 4. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Oil & Gas Industry UPSTREAM Exploration for crude oil or natural gas on land or sea Extraction (Production) from field and transport to processing plants DOWNSTREAM Refining or processing the crude oil or gas to marketable products – Refineries, Gas Plants Distribution of those products to the supply network – Terminals and lube blending plants and depots Delivery to the customer – Road Tankers, Tankers, Barges, Rail tank cars, Trucks (drum Stock), Packaged product, Retail stores

5. 5. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Processes Exploration and Extraction Section 5

6. 6. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Processes of Exploration and Extraction Life of a well - Planning, Drilling, Completion, Production, and Abandonment Types of wells Exploration wells (information gathering) purposes Appraisal wells used to assess characteristics (flow rate, assay) Production wells for producing oil or gas Wildcat wells

7. 7. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Exploration Jack-up Drilling Rig

8. 8. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Montara well Timor Sea – November 2009

9. 9. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Deepwater Horizon – Gulf of Mexico 2010

10. 10. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry BP Off shore rig flaring gas

11. 11. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Helicopter ditching in North Sea 2010

12. 12. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Production platform and supply boat

13. 13. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Pump jack – West Texas

14. 14. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry BP NIDC Rig70

15. 15. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Oil well in Iran Persia Rig 20 blowout - half a mile of steel pipe (800m) shoots into the air 2000 feet (600m)

16. 16. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Sources of Information on Crudes and Gas Fields -1 What does the Hygienist want to know? What hazards can be expected?

17. 17. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry CRUDE ASSAY A systematic compilation of data defining properties of the whole crude along with yields and properties of various boiling fractions. Why have crude assays? Crudes are different Old crudes change over time as the oil field is exploited New crudes are discovered

18. 18. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry CRUDE ASSAYS - CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE CRUDE PropertyPrimary Use Specific Gravity (API)Crude pricing Viscosity –Pour PointStorage and Transportation requirements SulphurProcessing & environmental requirements Carbon ResidueAsphalt & Heavy fuel potential Salt, Nitrogen, Metals (Ni, V, Hg) Processing requirements Light Hydrocarbons (C1 to C5) Storage; Transportation and Processing requirements

19. 19. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Crude Assays – Information for Hygienist From the Crude Assay How much benzene is present? How much hydrogen sulphide, mercury, etc? All information which can help identify the potential hazards which may appear This becomes more important for refining.

20. 20. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Crude Assay Information Sarawak Shell Berhad, Bintulu LNGL Benzene content of 1.53% (wt.), Toluene 3.09% (wt.), C8 Aromatics (Xylene, Ethyl benzene) 0.70% (wt.). There is little mercury (<1 ppb (wt.)) although it shows at around 2.15 to 2.75 ppb in cuts 140 to 185°C. Other contaminants of interest are also low - Vanadium, Nickel, are <1 ppm, Arsenic, Lead are <1 ppb, Total sulphur <0.01%. Benzene and Toluene levels would be considered of concern in the naphtha cut of this crude.

21. 21. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Occupational Hygiene Issues - Upstream a)Hazardous Substances b) Thermal Environment c) Noise d) Asbestos and Other Fibres e) Ergonomic f) Radiation g) Other Hazards h) Other Considerations

22. 22. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (a) Hazardous Substances There are four groups – Process streams and contaminants – crude oil, natural gas, (condensate) Purchased chemicals and products – this requires a chemical inventory, e.g. drilling muds, cements, treatment chemicals Generated hazardous substances such as welding fume, grit blasting Generated waste and waste disposal

23. 23. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Chemical Store – ‘mud chemicals’ off shore oil rig

24. 24. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Deck chemical storage

25. 25. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry

26. 26. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Paint store

27. 27. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Stores area. Pressure cans, chemical storage

28. 28. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Workshop flammables cabinet

29. 29. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Workshop waste

30. 30. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Grit blasting hood, with venturi air cooler (blue) right side

31. 31. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Explosives Store

32. 32. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (b) Thermal Environment For offshore rigs and platforms, one of the areas of interest are the plant (engine) rooms, and the general environment depending on location of the rig. e.g. Middle East (hot), Alaska, Arctic (cold)

33. 33. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Heat Stress information card for workers – English & Turkish

34. 34. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Mud Room – high humidity

35. 35. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (c) Noise For offshore drilling rigs, high noise areas are Machinery Deck (Engine Room, Mud Pump Room), but the highest noise levels can occur during the Draw Works Brakes area and operations during drilling and pumping mud. >100 dBA For production platforms, high noise sources are compressors and generators (typically >105 dBA) however with modern designs and improved engineering the new platforms may be able to achieve noise levels < 85 dBA In addition, helicopters arriving/departing the rig

36. 36. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Drilling Rig – Machine Room Noise Contour

37. 37. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (d) Asbestos and Other Fibres

38. 38. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (e) Ergonomic

39. 39. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (f) Radiation Ionizing – Radiation Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Non-Ionizing Radiation- Visible – Lighting UV radiation (sun, welding)

40. 40. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Lighting in Plant Room

41. 41. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Ultraviolet Source used in the water sanitizer

42. 42. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (g) Other Hazards - Weather Mars Platform offshore drilling and production platform Gulf of Mexico 2005. Before and after Hurricane ‘Katrina’ Before Hurricane Katrina After Hurricane Katrina

43. 43. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry BP Damaged offshore oil rig EI-322-15

44. 44. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (g) Other Hazards - Wildlife Snake crawling on off shore oil rig pipework

45. 45. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry OH Issues (h) Other Considerations Accommodation Food Water supply Transport to/from site (helicopter offshore).

46. 46. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Offshore oil rig kitchen

47. 47. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry Offshore oil rig dining room

48. 48. © 2013 Petroch Services Pty Ltd BP Version J11002– Occupational Hygiene in the Oil & Gas Industry End of Section 5 Processes Exploration and Extraction