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Bergey Excel Nomenclature
1. Spinner 2. Rotor 3. Generator 4. Frame 5. Yaw Mount 6. Slip Rings 7. Tail Boom 8. Nacelle Cover 9. Yaw Crank Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Generators Direct-Drive DC
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Generators Direct-Drive Alternator (Small)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbine Applications
Off-the-Grid Power Systems Boating Cathodic Protection Fence Charging Wind Pumping Remote Homesteads/Third World Villages On-the-Grid or Interconnected Residential & Small Commercial Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Interconnection with Batteries & Inverter (SW)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines
Swept Area (m 2 ) Rotor Diameter (m) 40 8 30 7 7 m 20 6 6 m 10 5 5 m 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rotor Diameter (m) 4 m 3 3 m 2 2 m 1 1 m Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbines Micro Wind Turbines
~ 1 meter (2-4 feet) in Diameter Air 300/400/X Marlec 910F Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbines Mini Wind Turbines
1-3 meters (3-10 feet) in Diameter LVM6F Whisper H40 Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbines Household-Size Wind Turbines
4-10 meters (12-35 feet) in Diameter & Larger Transitional to Medium-Size Turbines Jacobs 17-20 Whisper 175 Bergey Excel Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Minimal or No Work on Tower Fall-Arresting System Work Platform Lanyard Anchorages Training Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Fall-Arresting System Lanyard Anchorage Work Platform Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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The Problems of Small Wind
Poor Productivity ~2/3 that of Medium-Size Turbines High Cost ~5X More than Medium-Size Turbines Poor Reliability Reports on awea-wind-home Newsgroup Small Market Little Money Makes Improvement Problematic Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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The Problems of Small Wind
Towers Not Standardized Affects Installation Installation Not Standardized Affects Safety Service Not Standardized Non Tilt-Down Require On-Tower Work Affects Safety and Reliability Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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The Problems of Small Wind
Aggressive Marketing Pushes Sales, Not Customer Benefits Industry Sells Turbines Not Wind Systems--Mix & Match Towers Unsophisticated Market Doesn’t Demand Better Products Susceptible to Hustlers & Charlatans Owners in the Dark Due to the Absence of Metering Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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The Problems of Small Wind
Aesthetic Most Need a Good Industrial Designer Simply Too Noisy Noisy for Their Size Closer to People But They Do Provide an Essential Service at Remote Sites! Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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New Rivals to Small Wind
Used Commercial Turbines Thousands in California & Europe EMS (SD) Rewinding to Single Phase Now Used in Alberta, Iowa, South Dakota Downsizing of Commercial Turbines Enercon E20 Fuhrländer, Henry Dupont Lagerwey 18/80, Dutch Farmer’s Choice Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbine Test Fields
Professional or Commercial NREL, Colorado AEI, Texas Windward, Utah Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI, Canada Private Unfunded Mick Sagrillo, Wisconsin Mike Klemen, North Dakota Wulf Test Field, California Folkecenter, Denmark Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Wulf Test Field Tehachapi Pass Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Wulf Test Field Turbines Tested
BWC 850 Marlec 910F Air 303/403/X.1/X.2/X.3 Whisper H40 LVM 6F Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Wulf Test Field Tests Performed
Power Curves Power Loss Noise Emissions Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Turbine Noise Measurements
Meters Costly Somewhat Complex Difficult for Amateurs Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Calculated & Measured Noise Emissions
Source Sound Power Level at 8 m/s Sound Power Level dBA 120 1980s 1990s L=22 log D + 72 110 ! 1999 , Small & Micro & H40 100 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! BWC 850 ! 90 & ! , Air303 , & H40 L=22 log D + 65 80 , & AirX 70 60 1 10 100 Diameter (meters) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Bergey Excel (7 m) PMG (Ferrite) Direct-Drive Furling Rugged
Various Versions Test Reports Power Curve Noise Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Bergey Excel S (7 m) Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Bergey Excel S (7 m) NREL Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Turbine Noise (NREL)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Turbine Manufacturers
Bergey Southwest Windpower Vergnet (FR) Proven (GB) AOC (?) Ampair (GB) LVM(GB) Marlec Juan Bornay (ES) Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Bergey Windpower Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Vergnet Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Southwest Windpower Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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LVM, Ampair, Marlec Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Proven Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Ventus Germany Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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AirCon Germany Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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AirCon Germany Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Household-Size Wind Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Household-Size Wind Energie PGE, Quebec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Small Wind DIY Workshops
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Small Wind Turbines Must Become as Reliable and as Productive as Today’s Commercial Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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