1. Bergey Excel Nomenclature
1. Spinner
2. Rotor
3. Generator
4. Frame
5. Yaw Mount
6. Slip Rings
7. Tail Boom
8. Nacelle Cover
9. Yaw Crank
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

2. Generators Direct-Drive DC
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

3. Generators Direct-Drive Alternator (Small)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

4. Small Wind Turbine Applications
Off-the-Grid Power Systems
Boating
Cathodic Protection
Fence Charging
Wind Pumping
Remote Homesteads/Third World Villages
On-the-Grid or Interconnected
Residential & Small Commercial
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

5. Interconnection with Batteries & Inverter (SW)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

6. Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines
Swept Area (m 2 )
Rotor Diameter (m) 40 8 30 7
7 m 20 6
6 m 10 5
5 m 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rotor Diameter (m)
4 m 3
3 m 2
2 m 1
1 m
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

7. Small Wind Turbines Micro Wind Turbines
~ 1 meter (2-4 feet) in Diameter
Air 300/400/X
Marlec 910F
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

8. Small Wind Turbines Mini Wind Turbines
1-3 meters (3-10 feet) in Diameter
LVM6F
Whisper H40
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

9. Small Wind Turbines Household-Size Wind Turbines
4-10 meters (12-35 feet) in Diameter & Larger
Transitional to Medium-Size Turbines
Jacobs 17-20
Whisper 175
Bergey Excel
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

10. Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Minimal or No Work on Tower
Fall-Arresting System
Work Platform
Lanyard Anchorages
Training
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

11. Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Fall-Arresting System
Lanyard Anchorage
Work Platform
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

12. The Problems of Small Wind
Poor Productivity
~2/3 that of Medium-Size Turbines
High Cost
~5X More than Medium-Size Turbines
Poor Reliability
Reports on awea-wind-home Newsgroup
Small Market
Little Money Makes Improvement Problematic
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

13. The Problems of Small Wind
Towers Not Standardized
Affects Installation
Installation Not Standardized
Affects Safety
Service Not Standardized
Non Tilt-Down Require On-Tower Work
Affects Safety and Reliability
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

14. The Problems of Small Wind
Aggressive Marketing
Pushes Sales, Not Customer Benefits
Industry Sells Turbines
Not Wind Systems--Mix & Match Towers
Unsophisticated Market
Doesn’t Demand Better Products
Susceptible to Hustlers & Charlatans
Owners in the Dark
Due to the Absence of Metering
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

15. The Problems of Small Wind
Aesthetic
Most Need a Good Industrial Designer
Simply Too Noisy
Noisy for Their Size
Closer to People
But They Do Provide an Essential Service at Remote Sites!
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

16. New Rivals to Small Wind
Used Commercial Turbines
Thousands in California & Europe
EMS (SD) Rewinding to Single Phase
Now Used in Alberta, Iowa, South Dakota
Downsizing of Commercial Turbines
Enercon E20
Fuhrländer, Henry Dupont
Lagerwey 18/80, Dutch Farmer’s Choice
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

17. Small Wind Turbine Test Fields
Professional or Commercial
NREL, Colorado
AEI, Texas
Windward, Utah
Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI, Canada
Private Unfunded
Mick Sagrillo, Wisconsin
Mike Klemen, North Dakota
Wulf Test Field, California
Folkecenter, Denmark
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

18. Wulf Test Field
Tehachapi Pass
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

19. Wulf Test Field Turbines Tested
BWC 850
Marlec 910F
Air 303/403/X.1/X.2/X.3
Whisper H40
LVM 6F
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

20. Wulf Test Field Tests Performed
Power Curves
Power Loss
Noise Emissions
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

21. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

22. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

23. Small Turbine Noise Measurements
Meters Costly
Somewhat Complex
Difficult for Amateurs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

24. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

25. Calculated & Measured Noise Emissions
Source Sound Power Level at 8 m/s
Sound Power Level dBA
120
1980s
1990s
L=22 log D + 72
110 !
1999 ,
Small
&
Micro
&
H40
100 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
BWC 850 ! 90
& ! ,
Air303 ,
&
H40
L=22 log D + 65 80 ,
&
AirX 70 60 1 10
100
Diameter (meters)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

26. Bergey Excel (7 m) PMG (Ferrite) Direct-Drive Furling Rugged
Various Versions
Test Reports
Power Curve
Noise
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

27. Bergey Excel S (7 m)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

28. Bergey Excel S (7 m)
NREL
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

29. Small Turbine Noise (NREL)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

30. Small Turbine Manufacturers
Bergey
Southwest Windpower
Vergnet (FR)
Proven (GB)
AOC (?)
Ampair (GB)
LVM(GB)
Marlec
Juan Bornay (ES)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

31. Bergey Windpower
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

32. Vergnet
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

33. Southwest Windpower
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

34. LVM, Ampair, Marlec
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

35. Proven
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

36. Ventus Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

37. AirCon Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

38. AirCon Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

39. Household-Size Wind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

40. Household-Size Wind
Energie PGE, Quebec
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

41. Small Wind DIY Workshops
Paul Gipe & Assoc.

42. Small Wind Turbines Must Become as Reliable and as Productive as Today’s Commercial Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.