1. Syntax Coordination, substitution, movement LING 200 Spring 2003 Reading: Files 6.1, 6.5

2. Coordination test for constituency  Only identical categories, lexical or phrasal, can be conjoined. X  X Conj X XP  XP Conj XP Conj (= Conjunction)  'and', 'or', 'but', 'as well as’, etc.

3. Conjoined lexical categories PP P NP P Conj P Det N PP above and beyond the call P NP of N duty

4. Conjoined phrasal categories NP  NP Conj NP NP  (Det) (Adj) N NP [ Adj [so-so] N [coffee]] NP [ Adj [excellent] N [desserts]] They have NP [ NP [so-so coffee] Conj [but] NP [excellent desserts]].

5. Ungrammatical coordination 1. If conjoined elements do not belong to the same category: write: V, ___ (NP) (PP) Julia wrote NP [a memo]. Julia wrote PP [to the dean]. *Julia wrote NP [a memo] and PP [to the dean]. Adj [Green] pickles are tasty. N [Dill] pickles are tasty. * Adj [Green] and N [dill] pickles are tasty.

6. Ungrammatical coordination 2. If conjoined elements are not constituents: Julia wrote NP [a memo]. Julia wrote PP [to the dean]. *Julia wrote NP [a memo] and * [to the].

7. Coordination and constituency Virginia loves syntax. Virginia listened enthusiastically. Virginia loves syntax and listened enthusiastically. Conclusion: [loves syntax] and [listened enthusiastically] are the same kind of constituent (VP):

8. VP VP Conj VP V NP and V Adv loves N listened enthusiastically syntax

9. Coordination and constituency I wanted a dill pickle. I wanted the same sandwich that Aixa bought. I wanted a dill pickle and the same sandwich that Aixa bought. Conclusion: [a dill pickle] and [the same sandwich that Aixa bought] are the same kind of constituent:

10. S NP VP N V NP I wanted NP Conj NP Det N and NP S’ a dill pickle Det Adj N that S the same sandwich NP VP N V Aixa bought NP  NP S’ (relative clause)

11. Coordination and constituency Virginia wants dinner. Virginia wants Dave to start cooking. *Virginia wants dinner and Dave to start cooking. Conclusion: [Dave to start cooking] is not an NP NP [dinner] S [Dave to start cooking]

12. Summary of coordination test Only like categories can be conjoined. Coordination test reveals information about –whether a grouping of words is a constituent –what kind of constituent it is

13. Substitution test for constituency Do you know Alicia? No, I haven’t met her yet.  Only constituents can be substituted for with shorter expressions. Words that substitute: pro-forms.

14. NP: substitute with pronoun A: Old Betsy here just won’t start any more and my wife says to get her out of here. B: Why don’t you donate her? A: My wife? her is a pronoun (or anaphoric pronoun, or anaphor) that substitutes for the NP Old Betsy. The antecedent of her is Old Betsy. pronominal substitution normally involves third person pronouns

15. Pronominal paradigms subjectobjectpossessor 1sgImemy 2sgyou your 3sghe, she, ithim, her, ithis, her, its 1plweusour 2plyou (guys) your (you guys’s) 3pltheythemtheir

16. PP: substitute with there Last night Aixa dreamed that she went to the HUB, but she was the only one there. Did you check on the zip disk for your file? Yes, and it wasn’t there.

17. Adjective Phrase: substitute with so Virginia is anxious for Dave to cook dinner and so am I. The students are tired of waiting for the projector to work. So are the TAs.

18. Sentence: substitute with it, that, so [p] and [p h ] are in complementary distribution in English. Can you believe it? [p] and [p h ] are in complementary distribution in English. I don’t understand that. Are [p] and [p h ] in complementary distribution in English? Yes, I think so.

19. Verb Phrases and the substitution test Verb phrases: substitute with as, so, and so, do so: Joyce has studied Arabic, as has Julia. Joyce has studied Arabic, and so has Julia. Joyce has studied Arabic. So has Julia. Joyce has studied Arabic, and Julia has done so as well. If pro-forms substitute for constituents, then studied Arabic in has studied Arabic must be a constituent.

20. Verb Phrases and the substitution test Joyce is studying Arabic, and so is Julia. Joyce will study Arabic, and so will Julia. VP  (Aux) VP Aux  have, be, will, can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should Joyce VP [ Aux [is] VP [studying Arabic]], and VP [ VP [so] Aux [is]] Julia.

21. so substitutes for VP Joyce VP [ Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic]], and VP [ VP [so] Aux [has]] Julia. so substitutes for part of VP: *Joyce VP [[has] Aux [[studied] V [Arabic] NP ] VP ], and VP [ V [so] Aux [has] Stephen [Khmer] NP ].

22. Some properties of Aux positive negative negative (contracted form) has studied has not studied hasn’t studied is studying is not studying isn’t studying will study will not study won’t study studies *studies not *studiesn’t 1. Negation follows Aux:

23. Some properties of Aux 2. In yes/no questions, Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence: Is Joyce studying Arabic? Has Joyce studied Arabic? Will Joyce study Arabic? *Will study Joyce Arabic?

24. VP substitution test again pro-forms which can substitute for VP Joyce Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic], VP [as] Aux [has] Julia. Joyce Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic], VP [and so] Aux [has] Julia. Joyce Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic]. VP [So] Aux [has] Julia. Joyce Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic], and Julia Aux [has] VP [done so] as well.

25. Aux has structure Julia Aux [has] VP [studied Arabic], and Joyce Aux [has] VP [done so] too. Julia Aux [has been] VP [studying Arabic], and Joyce Aux [has been] VP [doing so] too. Julia Aux [must have been] VP [studying Arabic], and Joyce Aux [must have been] VP [doing so] too. The do so pro-form

26. Aux-less sentences “Do-support” Has AuxLacks Aux declarativeJulia is studying.Julia studies. negativeJulia isn’t studying.Julia doesn’t study. yes/no questionIs Julia studying?Does Julia study? pro-form sentenceJulia is studying Arabic, as is Joyce. Julia studies Arabic, as does Joyce.

27. Do: Aux vs. V do in do the homework declarativeStephen did the homework. negativeStephen didn’t do the homework. yes/no question Did Stephen do the homework?

28. Summary of substitution test Pro-forms can substitute for other constituents Substitution reveals information about constituency –There is a VP constituent. –There is an Aux constituent. Properties of Aux, do as Aux

29. Movement test  Only single constituents can be moved. In questions, Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence. Aux  Modal have be Modal  will, can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must

30. Modal vs. non-modal Aux 1. Non-modal Aux require special form of verb BE+ -ing form (‘gerund’): ‘progressive’ construction is going: present progressive was going: past progressive will be going: future progressive HAVE + -ed form (‘past participle’): ‘perfect’ construction has gone: present perfect had gone: past perfect will have gone: future perfect

31. Modal vs. non-modal Aux 2. Non-modals have 3.sg.present, infinitive, gerund, and past participle forms has, to have, having, had is, to be, being, been Modals lack these forms: *shoulds, *to should, *shoulding, *shoulded *musts, *to must, *musting, *musted

32. Joyce Aux [ Mod [will] have] studied for it by then. [Will] Mod Joyce [have] studied for it by then? Joyce Aux [ Mod [will] have been] studying for it. [Will] Mod Joyce have been studying for it? *[Will have] Aux Joyce been studying for it? In questions, the leftmost constituent of Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence.

33. More on Aux movement in questions In questions, the leftmost constituent of Aux is moved to the beginning of the sentence. What about: –The person who is studying Arabic has left the room. –*Is the person who studying Arabic has left the room? –Has the person who is studying Arabic left the room? Which Aux? –The person who is studying Arabic has left the room. 1 2

34. The (subject) NP constituent In questions, the leftmost constituent of the Aux which follows the subject NP is moved to the beginning of the sentence. [The person who is studying Arabic] NP [[has] Aux [left the room] VP ] VP.

35. Summary Tests for constituency –Coordination test: only constituents of same category can be conjoined –Substitution test: pro-forms can substitute for constituents –Movement test: only constituents can be moved Constituents –VP, Aux, Subject NP