1. The United Nations and their Charter Unit 26

2. Learning outcomes of the Unit 26 Students will be able to:Students will be able to: 1.describe the historical development of the UN (including LON) 2.list the main bodies of the UN and explain their function 3.say how and when the Charter of the UN came into force 4.explain why the Charter is important for the International Court of Justice 5.Name the key purposes and the main principles of the UN (in accordance with the original text of the Charter, Article 1 and 2 – textbook) 6.describe shortly the relations between the Republic of Croatia and the UN (Croatia’s membership) 7.be familiar with the main facts about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Bill of Human Rights 8.translate key expressions related to the topic

3. History – PART I THE PRECURSOR to the United Nations THE PRECURSOR to the United NationsUnited NationsUnited Nations = The League of Nations (LON) = The League of Nations (LON) - an intergovernmental organization - an intergovernmental organizationintergovernmental organizationintergovernmental organization - founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference. - founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference.Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference - from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it - from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. had 58 members.

4. LON’s goals preventing war through collective security, disarmamentpreventing war through collective security, disarmamentcollective security disarmamentcollective security disarmament settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration negotiationarbitration negotiationarbitration ADDITIONAL issues the LON worked on: ADDITIONAL issues the LON worked on: labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe

5. PROBLEMS – the end of the LON -The League lacked its own armed force -depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, -keep to economic sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed -Sanctions could also hurt the League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them -incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s -Germany withdrew from the League, soon followed by other aggressive powers. -The onset of World War II = the League had failed its primary purpose - to avoid any future world war.

6. History – PART II History – PART II -Opened for signature on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco (Conference on International Organizations, presence of 50 member countries) in San Francisco (Conference on International Organizations, presence of 50 member countries) - Entered into force October 24, 1945 after being ratified by the five permanent members of the SECURITY COUNCIL: the People’s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the UK and the USA The Charter of the UN

7. Main bodies of the UN Secretariat General Assembly Security Council International Court of Justice Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council An interesting source for your research Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs - a legal publication containing analytical studies of the decisions of the principal organs of the United Nations. - serves to throw light on questions of application and interpretation of the UN Charter

8. Secretariat an international staff working in duty stations around the worldan international staff working in duty stations around the world carries out diverse day-to-day work of the Organizationcarries out diverse day-to-day work of the Organization services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by themservices the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them duties include administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable developmentduties include administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development At its head is the Secretary-GeneralAt its head is the Secretary-General currently the post is occupied by Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007.currently the post is occupied by Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007.

9. The General Assembly - -the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations - -193 Members of the United Nations193 Members of the United Nations - -a unique forum for multilateral discussion of of international issues covered by the Charter.Charter At the following link you can watch a video about the history and work of the General Assembly - -http://webtv.un.org/watch/the-world-is-watching-will-you/1799012617001

10. United Nations Security Council Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. 5 permanent members with veto power and 10 non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. meets at any given time when the need arises. Rotating presidency: members take turn at holding the presidency for one month. takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and the admission of new Members to the United Nations. together with the General Assembly, it elects the judges of the International Court of Justice.

11. The International Court of Justice located at the Hague in the Netherlands established in June 1945 by the Charterestablished in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations ( The Statute of the of the United Nations ( The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter) International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter) began work in April 1946.began work in April 1946. the principal judicial organ of the United Nations settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies Its Statute is an integral part of the United Nations Charter.

12. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) established by the UN Charter the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social and related work of the United Nations voting in the Council is by simple majority; each member has one vote. Visit the following web-site presenting the bodies of the ECOSOC to get an insight into its activities: http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/subsidiary.shtml

13. The Trusteeship Council established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of 7 Member States The Trusteeship Council is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council - China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States. had to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self- government and independence. by 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence (Palau, the last remaining United Nations trust territory). Its work was completed. the Council has amended its rules of procedure to meet as and where occasion may require.

14. POSITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA In May 1992 Croatia gained International recognition as a UN Member state. On May 3, 2010, Ivan Šimonović was appointed UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights.

15. Work on the text The textbook: CHAPTER I Article 1 – the Purposes of the UN Article 2 – Principles for the work of the organization and its members

16. Article 1 Write down the pruposes of the UN in the form of to-inifinitivesWrite down the pruposes of the UN in the form of to-inifinitives -to maintain… -to take -to…

17. Article 2 List the principles for the work of the UNList the principles for the work of the UN 1. the principle of sovereign … 2.3.…

18. Connect the expressions with their definitions. to refrain from Agreement reached after an argument or discussion. self- determination Decide not to do something. settlement of To cause something to happen. to endanger The right to be independent. to bring about To put someone or something in a dangerous situation.

19. One of the big UN achievements... UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS -adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris -based on the experience of the Second World War -represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled -consists of 30 articles

20. The Declaration is a part of THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHT -an informal name given to two international treaties and one General Assembly resolution established by the United Nations. United Nations United Nations It consists of: 1. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human RightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948), 2. the International Covenant on Civil and Political International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalInternational Covenant on Civil and Political RightsRights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols and Rights 3. the International Covenant on Economic, Social International Covenant on Economic, SocialInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rightsand Cultural Rights (1966). and Cultural Rights The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them. The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.