1. ■Essential Questions ■Essential Questions: –How successful was Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal? –Which demographic group benefited the most from New Deal programs? Why?

2. The End of the New Deal

3. End of the New Deal ■New Deal reached its high point when FDR was re-elected in 1936 ■FDR’s experienced more setbacks in his 2 nd term than his 1 st term but he still remained a popular leader The 1936 election saw the birth of a new Democratic coalition that would last for 30 years: South, West, urban, labor, ethnic groups, blacks, & the poor

4. Packing the Supreme Court ■The Supreme Court was FDR’s last obstacle to overcome: –The Court ruled the NRA & AAA were unconstitutional –FDR’s solution was to ask Congress to appoint 1 new justice for each justice over 70 yrs old –This controversial “court packing” plan would add 6 new justices Justice Willis Van Devanter planned to retire in 1932, but stayed on because he felt FDR was “unfitted & unsafe for the presidency” All 9 justices were old, white men; Only 3 were sympathetic to the New Deal; 2 were unpredictable; 4 wanted to block New Deal Schechter v. U.S. (1935) U.S. v. Butler (1936)

6. Packing the Supreme Court ■The court-packing scheme was legal but set a scary precedent: –The Senate strongly resisted FDR & the Court defended itself against “ageism” attacks –The crisis ended when the Court declared the Wagner Act & Social Security constitutional & Judge Van Devanter resigned FDR eventually appointed 5 justices to the Supreme Court in his 4 terms

7. The End of the New Deal ■1938 saw the end of the New Deal –Other than the Fair Labor Standards Act, FDR’s 2 nd term saw no new New Deal programs –FDR’s court-packing plan hurt his relationship with Congress –The “Roosevelt Recession” of 1937 was the result of FDR’s attempt to reduce gov’t spending & balance the budget

8. Unemployment, 1929-1942

9. The Impact of the New Deal

10. The Impact on Organized Labor ■Unions were weak in the 1920s: –Only 3 million people were union members; Most joined the AFL which barred unskilled laborers Congress of Industrial Organizations ■In 1938, John Lewis formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) & used the Wagner Act to bring collective bargaining to more workers Used strikes & sit-ins to unionize Ford, Chrysler, & GM Peacefully unionized U.S. Steel Unionized the textile, rubber, electrical, metal industries By 1940, the CIO had more union members than the AFL (~10m total)

11. CIO President John Lewis With AFL president Gompers way back in 1922 AFL-CIO merged in 1955

12. Republic Steel Strike in 1937 10 strikers died

13. The Impact on Organized Labor ■For the 1 st time, unskilled & skilled laborers were unionized: –Women & African-Americans benefited because they made up a large % of unskilled labors –While the New Deal’s Wagner Act helped make unions stronger, major steps to unionize were initiated by the unions themselves, not the federal gov’t

14. The Impact on Women ■The New Deal brought few economic benefits to women: –The New Deal allowed for unequal wages; Social Security, the NRA, & minimum wage laws offered little help for women ■But, women did see gains in gov’t: –The 1 st female cabinet member, Senator, ambassadors, & judges were appointed under FDR

15. The 1 st female cabinet member: Francis Perkins (Dept of Labor) The 1 st female Senator: Hattie Caraway (D-Arkansas)

16. The Impact on African-Americans ■The New Deal did little for blacks: –Racism & segregation remained strong during the Depression –The NRA allowed lower wage scales for black workers; The AAA allowed for the eviction of sharecroppers & tenant farmers –Minimum wage & SS did not apply to farmers & domestic servants (65% were black) The NRA stands for “Negroes Robbed Again” AAA is a “continuation of the same old raw deal” Social Security “looks like a sieve with the holes just large enough for the majority of Negroes to fall through” —NAACP Blacks experienced 50% unemployment rate Blacks were the last hired & first fired

17. The Impact on African-Americans ■Despite the inequalities of the New Deal, blacks supported FDR: –FDR hired African-Americans to key gov’t positions –Eleanor Roosevelt spoke out against racial discrimination –The RFC brought assistance to 40% of unemployed blacks through the WPA “While relief & WPA are not ideal, they are better than the Hoover bread lines & they’ll have to do until the real thing comes along”

18. Eleanor Roosevelt with singer Marian Anderson

19. The Impact on Mexican-Americans ■Mexican-Americans fared even worse than blacks: –The Dust Bowl led to a flood of whites into the agricultural fields in the southwest –Congress created immigration restrictions & allowed for the deportation of illegal residents to reduce state welfare payments –Received few New Deal benefits

20. The Impact on Native Americans ■Native-Americans remained the poorest of all U.S. residents but did benefit from the New Deal Indian Reorganization Act –The Indian Reorganization Act shifted U.S. Indian policy from Indians as yeoman farmers to unified & autonomous tribes –Many gained employment in the Indian Bureau

21. The Impact on the South & West ■The South & West benefited the most from the New Deal: –The AAA helped end Southern dependence on sharecropping in favor of a wage labor system –The West received more work relief & welfare than any region –Hydroelectric power & irrigation programs helped residents

22. Conclusion Conclusion: The New Deal & American Life

23. The New Deal and American Life ■The New Deal lasted only 5 years (1933-1938); The majority of laws came in 2 bursts in 1933 & 1935: ■The New Deal was not very successful economically: –Helped relieve suffering but did not end the Depression –American wealth remained unequally distributed First Hundred DaysSecond Hundred Days 10 million were still unemployed in 1939 12 million were unemployed when FDR took office in 1933

24. The New Deal & American Life ■The New Deal was more successful socially: –Social Security, Wagner Act, & the Fair Labor Standards Act helped elderly & disabled citizens, labor unions, & workers –The New Deal did not help women, minorities, domestic workers, or small farmers

25. The New Deal and American Life ■The New Deal was most successful politically: –FDR’s leadership unified a new Democratic voting bloc –FDR used his leadership & optimism to provide a vital psychological lift to help citizens endure the Great Depression