1. Immune Response, Toxins, & Nutrition

2. Immune Response to Microorganisms
Immune system – the body system that protects against pathogens and cancer
Immunity – the ability to resist disease
The immune system has 3 lines of defense:

3. Immune Response
1st line of defense (nonspecific): skin, ciliated cells, mucus membranes – act as barriers and traps

4. Immune Response
2nd line of defense (nonspecific): increased body temperature (fever) to create conditions unsuitable for pathogen growth; increased blood flow to injured or infected site resulting in inflammation; blood brings white blood cells called macrophages that engulf and kill pathogens

5. Immune Response
3rd line of defense (specific): macrophages activate helper T cells that (1) activate other T cells that destroy infected cells and (2) activate B-cells to make antibodies; antibodies attach to pathogens, clumps them, and signals them for destruction.

6. Passive vs. Active Immunity
Active Immunity – body’s own immune response is activated and produces antibodies; occurs when a pathogen or a vaccination is introduced into the body; long-term effect; once you get exposed to pathogen, you retain those antibodies for awhile, explaining why some diseases are only contracted once in a lifetime

7. Active Immunity
Memory B cells keep antibodies “on file” in case of future exposure to antigen

8. Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive Immunity – antibodies are introduced into the body (not a result of immune system response); example – mother transfers her immunity to infant during breast-feeding; effects are short-term

9. Vaccines Made from weakened pathogens, pathogen parts, dead pathogens
Injections, nasal sprays, ingested
Causes body to make antibodies that can be used if it is exposed to the “real deal”; will shorten or prevent illness
There are risk factors – allergic reactions, actually getting disease from vaccine, etc.

10. Vaccines now available for:

11. Toxins

12. Effects of Environmental Toxins
Toxin – poisonous substance that can cause disease
Symptoms depend on dose, how long you’ve been exposed, the way it got in the body, and body response.

13. Effects of Environmental Toxins
Mercury
Sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), lack of coordination, disturbance in sensations (pins and needles), muscle weakness, skin rash, mood swings, memory loss, mental disturbance
Damage to central nervous system, liver, digestive tract, kidneys, prolonged exposure leads to brain damage and death
Major sources – ingestion of contaminated food (mainly fish) and water, air pollution, improper use of items such as thermometers and fluorescent light bulbs

14. Mercury
From 1932 to 1968, the Chisso Corp. dumped nearly 27 tons of mercury waste into Minamata bay, Japan. In the mid-1950’s, a strange disease emerged that seemed to affect cats, birds, and people. or

15. Effects of Environmental Toxins
2. Lead
Major sources – lead paint (1978), toys, lead bullets, sinkers, plumbing, air (when we used leaded gas), pewter
Symptoms:
Child: irritability, weight loss, sluggishness, abdominal pain
Adult: pain/tingling in the extremities, muscle weakness, headache, abdominal pain, memory loss, mood disorders, reduced sperm count, abnormal sperm

16. Lead
Lead Paint chips

17. Nutrition

18. Nutrition
Good Nutrition – can maintain good health and prevent disease
Nutrients are substances the body needs to obtain energy and build and replace tissue
Carbohydrates – energy
Fats – store energy, insulation, building cell membranes
Proteins – chemical reactions, body structure, traits
Vitamins – naturally occurs in plant and animals; help body with specific functions
Minerals – not made by living things (ex. Calcium, iron)
Good nutrition is a balance of all of the above

19. Nutrition 2. Bad Nutrition – can lead to:
Obesity – the wrong amounts of sugars/carbohydrates and fats coupled with lack of or too little exercise; also has genetic component; can lead to other complications such as diabetes

20. Nutrition
Malnutrition – an overall deficiency of most or all the nutrients; can lead to other complications including decreased immunity
Malnourished child with dysentery

21. Nutrition
Specific deficiencies – not enough of certain vitamins and minerals can lead to specific health problems
Examples:
Scurvy – deficiency of Vitamin C; causes inflammation of the tongue, spongy gums, blue and black spots on skin, sunken eyes, pallor, corkscrew hair, nosebleeds; was common among sailors

22. Nutrition
Goiters – deficiency of iodine; causes swelling of the thyroid gland (in your neck), tight feeling in your throat, coughing, trouble swallowing and breathing; not a problem in U.S. since iodized salt.

23. Nutrition
Osteoporosis – disease caused by lack of enough calcium in the diet over many years; causes brittle bones, and hunched/stooped over appearance.
For more about vitamin & mineral needs/deficiencies: