1. Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2.  Canadian Dominion  Canada achieves independence from Britain without war  Independence comes gradually through agreements with Britain  British give concessions to mostly French population to forestall problems, this gives Canada mostly local control over affairs  Mostly British Ontario follows British laws and traditions  1781: British loyalists from the U.S. flood southern Canada  War of 1812  United States declares war on Britain for interfering with trade  U.S. military invades Canada, Canadians repel attacks—unity  After war, economic opportunity continues to draw English- speaking migrants, angering French speakers in Quebec  British grant Canadians more autonomy to avoid revolution  Conflict between British Canadians and French Canadians  Unity comes from fear of United States invasion from South

4.   Constitution establishes a federalist system  General authority to the federal gov’t, finite power to the states  1820s: Property ownership dropped for enfranchisement  Constitutional provisions for admission of new states to the union  Purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon doubles in size  Manifest Destiny  Westward migration of Euro-Americans causes conflict with Native Americans, U.S. Army supports white settlers  Indian Removal Act of 1830, tribes forced to “Indian Territory”  Trail of Tears (1838-1839)  1840s: Plains Indians wars, Plains Indians offer harder resistance  1845-1848: Annexation of Texas & the Mexican-American War  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo adds territory to the United States  Addition of new territories raises questions of slavery’s future The United States: Westward Expansion

9.  Sectional Tension & War  Issue of slavery enflames tension between disparate regional societies and cultures within the United States (North/South)  1780s: Founding Fathers expect slavery to disappear  1800: British demand for cotton reinvigorates slavery in South  Missouri Compromise of 1820: balance b/w slave and free states  Issue of popular sovereignty and slavery increases tension  Southern politicians seek to expand slavery westward, pop. sov.  Northern politicians seek to limit expansion of slavery  Free Soil Party vs. the “Slave Power”  Northern Whigs and Free Soilers join to form new Republican Party  Election of Republican Abraham Lincoln as president sparks rebellion in South  1860-1861: 11 Southern states secede from Union, form new nation; Confederate States of America  At first, North fights for political and economic interests, not slavery  1863: Emancipation Proclamation changes focus to slavery  Northern states win the war, bring South back into Union, expand northern industrial economic model and federal political power

13.   Texas Revolution & Mexican-American War = political instability, rise of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana  Liberal reform becomes popular after loss to the U.S.  Benito Juarez leads La Reforma  Constitution of 1857 limits power of church/military, grants universal male suffrage, institutes land reforms  Conservatives upset by changes, take control of capital in 1861  Juarez forced to suspend loan payments, French invade  Juarez repels French army, Emperor Maximillian—reestablishes Mexican republic, attempts to safeguard liberal reforms  1876: Gen. Porfirio Diaz takes advantage of instability  “Porfiriato” lasts until 1911  Diaz’s rule favors conservative, creoles, and foreign investors Changes In Mexico

15.   1910-1911: Mexican reformers tired of Porfiriato dictatorship  Francisco Madero leads armed rebellion against Diaz  1913: Diaz flees into exile, Madero establishes new government  1914: Loses power in a military coup, assassinated  General Victoriano Huerta takes power, United States occupies Veracruz in opposition—enforces weapons embargo against Huerta  New rebellion breaks out against Huerta government  Three sides in new Mexican Revolution, led by three leaders:  Emiliano Zapata  Venustiano Carranza  Francisco “Pancho” Villa  Carranza’s forces take control of major cities, gain U.S. support— Villa and Zapata are defeated  Constitution of 1917 addresses many of the revolutionary needs:  Public education, land reform, nationalization of important resources, minimum wage, labor protection Mexican Revolution

17.  Sources of Conflict in Latin America  Simon Bolivar encouraged unity & solidarity  Once Spanish were defeated, problems arise  Creoles have little experience with democracy, representative gov’t  Search for stable constitutions prove elusive for Latin American creoles  Creoles also wished to maintain control of political system, exclude many  Conflict with natives over lands suitable to agriculture, ranches  Argentina and Chile follow example of U.S. expansion, control  Long wars of independence provide military, rather than civilian heroes—caudillos rise as populist politicians  Fragmentation of Latin American states  Republic of Gran Colombia = Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador  United Provinces of Central America splits