1. Essential of paediatric cardiology Robyn Smith Department of Physiotherapy UFS 2011

2. Causes of CHD GeneticMaternalEnvironmental First 8-10 weeks of gestation critical in development of the heart CHD affects 1% of children

3. Foetal circulation Not dependant on the lungs for respiration Placenta is used for gaseous exchange All of the blood flowing through the chambers of the heart, arteries and veins is rich in Oxygen Pulmonary vessels are vasoconstricted

4. Change in circulation after birth As the baby takes its first breath the lungs expand, causing the lung P to fall and air enter lungs. Once the lungs are filled with air and the oxygen level in the child’s blood rises resulting muscle wall of the ductus arteriosus contracts no longer allowing blood to flow through it (10- 15 hours after birth) This forces pulmonary circulation into action Now child has separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood and relies fully on the lungs for gaseous exchange

5. Classification of CHD CHDCyanotic lesions ↓ O2 saturation in the blood Acyanotic lesions O2 saturation unaltered, pressure or volume related issued

6. Acyanotic lesions Left to right shunting of blood PDAASDVSDAVSD Obstructive CoarctationPulmonary stenosisAortoc stenosis

7. Conditions where there is a left to right shunting of blood

8. Patend Ductus Arteriousus (PDA)

9. Ductus arteriousus open in the foetal circulation Vascular connection between the main pulmonary trunk and the aorta Closes soon after birth If it stays open excessive blood shunts from the aorta ton the lungs Resulting in pulmonary oedema Common in premature infants

10. Patend Ductus Arteriousus (PDA)

11. Clinical signs and symptoms of a PDA:  Poor feeding  Failure to thrive (below weight for and height for age)  Sweating with crying or play  Persistent tachypnoea or breathlessness (dyspnoea)  Easy tiring  Tachycardia  Frequent lung infections  A bluish or dusky skin tone  Developmental delay

12. Medical management PDA Management Closing of PDA: Medication (indomethacin) induces closure Surgical closing via a thoracotomy

13. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

14. Opening or whole in the wall separating the atria Free communication of blood between the two atria. Seen in 10% of all congenital heart disease Rarely presents with signs of congestive heart failure or other cardiovascular symptoms The right atrium and ventricle may enlarge over time Cyanosis does not occur unless pulmonary hypertension is present.

15. Clinical signs and symptoms of ASD Most are asymptomatic May have easy fatigability or mild growth failure.

16. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

17. Medical management of ASD Surgery of catheterization

18. Venticular Septal Defect (VSD)

19. Abnormal opening in the ventricular septum. Allows free communication between the right and left ventricles Oxygen rich blood in the left ventricle pumped into the right ventricle instead of to the body. In a large VSD excessive blood is pumped to the lungs resulting in congestion and shortness of breath. In return excessive amounts of blood are pumped back from the lungs to the left heart overburdening and enlarging it resulting in CHF

20. Venticular Septal Defect (VSD)

21. Clinical signs and symptoms of VSD Small VSD most children are asymptomatic In the case of moderate to large VSD the child will be symptomatic.  dyspnoea  feeding difficulties  failure to thrive  recurrent respiratory infections  profuse sweating

22. Medical management of VSD In case of a small VSD 50% will close spontaneously by age 2yrs Large VSD’s are usually closed surgically

23. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)

24. Result from incomplete fusion of :  tendocardial cushions which help to form the lower portion of the atrial septum,  the membranous portion of the ventricular septum and the  septal leaflets of the triscupid and mitral valves. 4% of all CHD Commonly associated with chromosomal disorders such as Down Syndrome

25. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)

26. Clinical signs and symptoms of an AVSD The child may present with:  CHF in infancy  recurrent respiratory infections  failure to thrive  exercise intolerance  easy fatigability

27. Medical management of AVSD Surgery is always required.  Prior to surgery congestive symptoms are treated.  Pulmonary banding maybe required in premature infants or infants < 5 kg.  Correction is done during infancy to avoid irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.

28. What is pulmonary banding? Primary aim procedure is to reduce excessive pulmonary blood flow In order to protect the pulmonary vasculature from hypertrophy and irreversible (fixed) pulmonary hypertension.

29. Other less common conditions

30. Surgical complications: Pulmonary hypertension Can be a severe complication post operatively Children at risk of are those with excessive shunting of blood from left to right e.g. VSD, AVSD This results in excessive blood flow to the lungs resulting in distension and damage to the pulmonary artery wall which becomes muscularised Pulmonary artery is then unable to dilate and vulnerable to reactive vasoconstriction

31. May predispose the child to a hypertensive crisis. The following may predispose a child to a hypertensive crisis: Hypoxaemia Hypercapnea Metabolic acidosis as well as relentless handling (including by the physiotherapist) Tracheal suctioning may predispose the child to a hypertensive crisis.

32. Surgical complications: Pulmonary hypertension In the case of a pulmonary hypertensive crisis the pulmonary arteries constrict resulting in an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and CVP. The systemic blood pressure drops suddenly resulting in cardiac arrest. Treatment includes sedation, paralysis and the administration of Nitric Oxide and 100% oxygen to try and facilitate pulmonary vasodilatation

33. Pulmonary hypertension and PT Only do PT if clearly indicated Adequate sedation Muscle relaxant /paralysis O2 supplementation BE QUICK and effective !!!! Monitor vitals

34. Conditions where there is a obstructive cause

35. Coarctation of the aorta

36. Coarctation of Aorta Congenital narrowing of the aorta as it leaves the heart. Resulting in:  increased pressures in the arteries nearest the heart, head and arms  decreased circulation in lower extremities. 7 % of all CHD Male: Female ratio 3:1

37. Coarctation of Aorta This is often not evident in the newborn until the ductus arterious closes The blood in the left ventricle has then to be pumped out against the constriction. Resulting in :  left ventricular hypertrophy  left ventricular failure with congestive heart failure (CHF)

38. Clinical signs and symptoms of coarctation The child may present with:  CHF  “Hard” breathing”  Wheezing  Excessive sweating

39. Coarctation of Aorta

40. Medical management of a Corarctation of Aorta With severe coarctation maintaining the ductus with prostaglandin E is essential Early surgical repair and resection of the stenosis is imperative Simple coarctation repair have a extremely low mortality but in complex cases mortality might be higher A rare complication of surgical repair is paraplegia (longer cross clamping times during surgery) In 18% of children undergoing surgery re-coarctation occurs requiring further surgical intervention

41. Obstructive causes Asymptomatic in mild cases, More severe cases fatigue, syncope and dyspnoea Treatment is surgical repair Symptoms include dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, fatigue, CHF and hypoxaemia Treatment is surgical repair Aortic StenosisPulmonary Stenosis

42. Obstructive causes Aortic StenosisPulmonary Stenosis

43. Cyanotic heart lesions

44. Cyanotic lesions Tetrallogy of FallotHypoplastic left heartTransposition of great vessels

45. Tetrallogy of Fallot (TOF)

46. Most common cyanotic heart lesion Has 4 components: – A high VSD – Pulmonary stenosis – Anomalous position aorta – RV hypertrophy Results in a right to left shunting of blood with low oxygen levels in the arteries and in the body tissues Resulting in cyanosis, easy fatigability, fainting and shock. Clubbing may be observed

47. Tetrallogy of Fallot (TOF)

49. Medical management of TOF Early surgical intervention (TOF repair) is usually required Palliative care by means of anestomosis and pulmonary valvotomy can be done

50. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

51. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) Most serious congenital heart malformation Poorest of prognosis Means :  left ventricle is extremely small and under-developed  mitral valve and aortic valves may be missing Symptoms usually minimal until the ductus arteriosus closes causing shock and multi- organ failure

52. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

53. Medical management of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Treatment prpstaglandin E 1 until surgery Initial palliative surgeries Heart transplant is often the suggested option

54. Transposition of the great vessels

55. big vessels are in the wrong place –aorta and pulmonary artery are switched:  Aorta arises from the RV  Pulmonary arteries arise from the LV The 2 circulations namely the systemic and pulmonary are in parallel instead of in series Venous blood circulates around the body and oxygenated blood around the lungs May be dyspnoea, cyanosis and syncope

57. Medical management of Transposition of the great vessels Palliative surgeries including pulmonary banding or atrial septum excision Corrective surgery

58. Non-congenital heart diseases

59. Cardiomyopathy Primary heart muscle disease chronic and (sometimes progressive disease) in which the heart muscle is abnormally enlarged, thickened and/or stiffened. The condition typically begins in the walls of the ventricles and in more severe cases also affects the walls of atria The actual muscle cells as well as the surrounding tissues of the heart become damaged.

60. Clincal signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy Hallmark is depressed cardiac functioning. Eventually, the weakened heart loses the ability to pump blood effectively leading to:  heart failure or  irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias or dysrhythmia)

61. Cardiomyopathy

62. "primary cardiomyopathy“ where the heart is predominately affected cause may be due to infectious agents or genetic disorders "secondary cardiomyopathy" where the heart is affected due to complications from another disease affecting the body e.g. HIV, cancer, muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis

63. Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy can affect a child at any stage of their life. It is not gender, geographic, race or age specific. Rare disease in infants and young children. Cardiomyopathy continues to be the leading reason for heart transplants in children.

64. Complications related to Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmias'CHFBlood clots Endocarditis Sudden death

65. Heart transplantation

66. LAST OPTION/RESORT in end stage heart failure in children with heart defects or cardiomyopathy that are unresponsive to surgery or medication

67. Heart transplant Heart failure may occur in children with CHD post-operatively due to the nature of their artificial circulations Individual units have their own transplant protocols A heart transplant presents a high risk of organ rejection and systemic infection The transplant half life of children is estimated at 18 years