1. 2 nd GEO-CAPE Community Workshop Boulder, CO May 11-13, 2011 Spatio-temporal Variability of Ozone Laminae Michael J. Newchurch 1, Guanyu Huang 1, John Burris 2, Shi Kuang 1, Wesley Cantrell 1, Lihua Wang 1, Patrick I. Buckley 1, Brad Pierce 3 1 Atmospheric Science Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville 2 Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA 3 NOAA/NESDIS/STAR

2. Outline 1.Vertical information from space-borne observations. 2.Sondes and lidars and laminar structures 3.Vertical correlation of ozone 4.STE of ozone 5.Birmingham ozone/aerosol nocturnal-jet plume 6.Modeling of laminar structures 7.Ozone lidar network

3. High-resolution PBL lidar observation suggests both UV and Vis radiances required to capture significant PBL signal for satellite Huntsville lidar observation on Aug. 4, 2010 Lidar obs. convolved with OMI UV averaging kernel---- unable to capture the highly variable ozone structure in PBL Lidar obs. Convolved with OMI UV-Vis averaging kernel- ---Captures the PBL ozone structure. X. Liu et al.

4. True A priori UV retrieval Vis retrieval TIR retrieval UV + Vis UV + TIR UV + Vis + TIR Theoretical retrievals from multi-spectral measurements Courtesy of Natraj, Liu, et al.

5. J O U R N A L O F A P P L I E D M E T E O R O L O G Y VOLUME 38 The Role of Vertical Mixing in the Temporal Evolution of Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations JIAN ZHANG AND S. TRIVIKRAMA RAO Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York (Manuscript received 15 July 1998, in final form 19 February 1999) …The results reveal that a greater reduction in the ground-level ozone concentration can be achieved by decreasing the concentrations of ozone and precursors aloft than can be achieved from a reduction of local emissions…

6. Typical, large diurnal variability in the Boundary Layer Zhang and Rao, 1999

7. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) The CWT coefficient is defined as: a is the spatial extent or dilation of the function. b is the location at which the wavelet function is centered—the translation of the function. f(z) is the signal of interest, in this case, an ozone profile. and are the top and the bottom of the profile. is the wavelet function.

8. Laminar structure analyzed by CWT and the gradient method

9. Seasonal Variations Occur in Altitudinal Distributions- Layer Height WRT to Tropopause Height Gradient Wavelet Spring Summer High frequency of layers below tropopause Low frequency of layers near tropopause Trinidad Head 9

10. 10 Layer B Thickness Max: 4.8 km Min: 3.0 km Mean Thickness: 0.3 km /10min +0.9 km /10min -0.3 km /10min Layer A Max-Min Max: 50.1 ppbv Min: 36.6 ppbv Mean max-min : 2.5 ppbv / 10min +7.9 ppbv / 10min -2.4 ppbv / 10min A B Temporal variability from other layer attributes can be similarly quantified. For example: O3 peak altitude, mixing ratio at peak. Fine structure in the temporal variations of layer attributes can be quantified by Wavelet and Gradient methods from Lidar observations. 10

11. P(R^2>0.5)= 10%15% 19% 12% Ozone in the free troposphere is not correlated with surface ozone Seasonal correlation of surface w/ ozone aloft Huntsville 1999-2010 Ozonesonde Data

12. Laminar structures cause anomalous behavior in correlations Huntsville Lidar Data EPA Surface Data

13. 1/28/2011 18-2525-3030-35ppbv UAHuntsville Campus Ozone Measured with ozonesonde Percent difference reaches ~30% for measurements away from buildings. Inside Horizontal Variability June 19 Surface ozone of 24 sonde profiles compared with local EPA site: The variance in the surface ozone amounts at the ozonesonde/lidar site seen in the EPA HSV-Airport Rd. site (~10 km distant; Summer 2010) is about 75%. The other 25% is the HORIZONTAL variance.

14. Apr. 17Apr. 23 Apr. 27 May 1 What We Missed with the Weekly Ozonesonde Measurements? 14 Additional sonding on Tue. after the lidar detection of Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) Dry air

15. 10min resolution O3 lidar retrieval sonde 500ppbv Cloud Tropospheric ozone variability due to STE captured by the HSV lidar

16. Different variation structures for ozone and aerosol suggest local photochemistry dominates the production Ozone mixing ratio, August 4, 2010 Aerosol ext. coeff. at 291nm from O3 DIAL O3 diurnal variation The rapid aerosol variation in the PBL suggests the importance of a collocated aerosol measurement. 16

17. Nocturnal ozone enhancement associated with low-level jet Aerosol ext.coeff. at 291nm from O3 lidar Co-located ceilometer backscatter (a) Low-level jet Co-located wind profiler Positive correlation of ozone and aerosol due to transport Oct. 4, 2008 Kuang et al. submitted to Atmospheric Environment Aerosol 17 Lidar

18. May 01May 02May 03May 04May 05May 06May 07May 08 May 3, 2010 Daytime PBL top collapsed RAQMS misses ozone layer at 2-4km over estimates depth of 6-8km layer shows collapse of PBL

19. May 01May 02May 03May 04May 05May 06May 07May 08 O3 AQ event Saharan dust event May 6 (high PBL O3) RAQMS is in good agreement with Huntsville Lidar above ~3km under estimates low level ozone enhancement

20. May 01May 02May 03May 04May 05May 06May 07May 08 O3 AQ event Saharan dust event May 7 RAQMS shows diffuse free Tropospheric ozone Does not resolve thin filaments observed By lidar

21. Ozone Lidar Network 1.Technology developed to produce a/c instruments (Browell/NASA, Hardesty/NOAA) and ground-based (McDermid/NASA/TMF, Newchurch/UAH&NASA). A few other ozone lidars operate in Europe and Asia. 2.NASA has formed a working group to identify a pathway in science and technology to eventually create a network of ground-based ozone lidars. 3.Such an ozone lidar network would be very complementary to the NASA GEO-CAPE geostationary AQ/Ocean satellite planned for ~2020.

22. 4-hour temporal resolution vs. 10-minute resolution sonde $800/ ozonesonde launch No more than 6 launch per 24 hours = 4-hour resolution $800/launch*6launch/day*365days/year=$1,752,000/year Vs. Lidar 10-minute observations

23. Conclusions 1.Ozonesonde and lidar observations identify ubiquitous laminar structures. 2.Laminar transport from STE and NBL transport can be important for AQ. 3.Current regional models often do not resolve laminar structures of importance to surface AQ. 4.An ozone lidar network is a potential solution to acquire the vertical ozone information needed by AQ practitioners.

24. Correlation Lengths Definition: the altitude over which R^2 decreases from 1 to 0.5. Each line is a regression through the correlations of at least 0.5. Correlations >0.5 above the first occurrence of a statistically insignificant value (<0.5) are not considered. Conclusion: Measurements of ozone above correlation length carries no info about surface ozone. Corollary: To determine surface ozone concentration, a measurement must contain info from within the correlation length. Two clusters