2. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents Marine Pollutants

3. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Farm runoff 20%Air pollutants 20% Marine transportation 10% Offshore oil 10% Industrial wastewater 5% Litter 5%

4. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003. Petroleum Hydrocarbons

5. Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil Petroleum Hydrocarbons

6. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska 10 million gallons of oil spilled 400 miles of shore line affected $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

7. The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. Spain November 19, 2002 Lifeboat w/ dead bird sinking incident

8. Persian Gulf War (1991) 240 million gallons of oil spilled

9. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

10. Containing oil spills: Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship Burning oil off Chemical dispersants Bioremediation- bacteria

11. Containing oil spills: Hair Booms

12. 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface Plastics

13. “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi 2. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

14. 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

15. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6 Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded

16. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

17. Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds. hypersaline lake (120- 140 o / oo ) Laysan Island Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

18. Sooty tern Laysan finch Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks

19. Laysan Island

20. Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

21. Albatross Chick

23. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

24. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

25. Nontoxic Chemical Spills Sept. 10, 2013 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon 30,000 fish dead

26. Biomagnification

27. PCBs DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines

28. Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes Mercury (Hg) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd) Toxic Metals

29. Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan Mercury

31. Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) Banned in U.S. 1980s Acts as an immunosuppressor Accumulations unusually high in small whales May be associated with strandings Copper

32. Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification Lead

33. Sewage Causes disease outbreaks Contributes to eutrophication Point Source Pollution

34. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? 40 straight days of rain 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

35. Disease

36. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff nutrient enrichment of coastal waters physiological consequences on corals ecological consequences –phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration –benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

37. Nutrients and Algae Growth

39. Atomic Testing

40. Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

41. Ocean Dumping total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies US Other Switzerland Great Britain USSR

42. Arctic Ocean Russia Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Moscow

43. Thermal Effluents Power plants

44. Non-Point Source Pollution Ala Wai Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed.

45. Sediment Runoff

46. Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean (Maui)

47. Corals Smothered in Sediment

48. Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations

49. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)

50. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds

51. Other Wastes

52. 1989

54. Net Damage

55. French Frigate Shoals (2001) Kure Atoll

56. Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island

57. Munitions Dumping Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)

58. Munitions Dumping 1940’s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu

59. Inquiry 1.Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2.Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3.Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 4.What may result when eutrophication occurs?