2. Standard solution : a solution of known concentration A series of titration is carried out. In each titration, a small amount of solution from the burette is added to a fixed volume of another solution with a pipette, in the presence of an indicator. The addition of the solution is continued until the indicator just changes colour. At this stage, the end point is reached.

3.  Determine the concentrations of solutions  Determine the percentage purity or molar mass of an acid or base  Deducing the equation for a neutralisation reaction  Determine the amount of water of crystallisation in a hydrated salt.

4.  Determine the concentration of a reactant of unknown concentration by reacting it with an excess volume of another reactant of known concentration.  The resulting mixture is then titrated, taking into account the excess of reagent which is present.  Back tittrations are used for insoluble sample.

5.  Translate the mass or volume (of gas) of a given reactant into an amount (mol).  Use the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced equation to deduce the amount (mol) of the required reactant or product.  Reconvert to a mass, volume (for a gas), concentration (moldm -3 or gdm -3 ) or percentage purity.