1. Acids and Bases
Hcl and aluminium bomb
Add bung rather than screw top?

2. Chemistry Study of Chemicals and how they react
Everything is made of chemicals
They are made of elements.
There are over 100 elements

3. What are Acids? Acids are common
Some are dangerous and can burn your skin
Some are safe to eat and drink
Stomach acid helps digest food
Brainstorm understanding of acids (examples, what they do, how to test) fizz dissolve dangerous, dissolve metal, burn skin
Name some in kitchen
Vinegar, wine gone off, citric acid, batteries
What taste sour
H/O what do you know abt acid and base cut n paste
Read aloud H/O acid burns
Zn + HCl in test tube with balloon over the top, floats can be lit (pop test) Hindenberg
explosion

4. Acids Definition Examples A group of compounds which behave similarly
All have low pH
Turn Litmus paper RED
All donate H+ ions in aqueous solution
Examples
Hydrochloric HCl
Sulfuric H2SO4
Nitric HNO3
Ethanoic CH3COOH
Demo 3 beakers add h20 pour into phenolpthaelin then base
Mineral acids tend to be strong, donate lots H+ organic acids (carboxylic acids) are weak don’t fully dissociate
Learn these names and formula you will be tested
EXPT Fair test planning for carbonate missile

5. Acids A dilute acid has lots of water and a small amount of acid
A concentrated acid has lots of acid and not much water so must be handled carefully
A strong acid releases lots of H+
A weak acid releases fewer H+
Lesson 2
Write bomb equation NaHCo3 + CH3CooH -> Ch3CooNa +H20 + CO2
Aim to work out how to make the canister fly furthest. Can alter the amount of acid and trajectory angle. How do you ensure fair test. Discussion.
Expt film canister and bicarbonate explosions who can get the furthest, FAIR TEST angle of trajectory, amount acid

6. What are Bases (Alkalis)?
In our home we often use bases to clean things. Eg Bleach and toothpaste
Some things are not acids or bases, we say that they are neutral. Eg Water
Lesson 3
Kids write from board “Acid and base are opposite one neutralises the other”
Toothpaste neutralises acids formed by plaque bacteria, bee sting (formic acid baking soda neutralise)
Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis (feel soapy as they turn oils on hands into soap)
EXPT make soap see H/O

7. Bases Definition Examples A family of compounds that behave similarly
Have a high pH
Turn litmus BLUE
All donate OH-
Examples
Ammonia NH3
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Ammonia in household cleaners NH# forms NH4+ and oh- (hydroxide ion) in water
NaOH in oven cleaner, drain cleaner (dissolves grease)

8. Measuring acid strength?
To decide if something is an acid or a base we can use an indicator.
Litmus and Universal Indicator are examples of indicators.
They change colour depending on if they are in an acid or a base.
Lesson 4
How do we test?
Demo invisible writing use phenol pthaelin spray with alkali “create a colour PH scale”
Indicators are extracted from plants (lichen) Ph is a measure of the conc of H+ in solution
Chemicals which change colour in the presence of acids or bases
EXPT universal indicator create rainbow in teams of 3 (H/O) colour ph scale naoh strong alkali, nh3 may need to dilute with water
Homework bring in flower to make indicator

10. Working with Indicators
Red litmus turns BLUE in the presence of Bases
Blue litmus turns RED in the presence of acid
Acids and bases react together in a NEUTRALISATION reaction
Lesson 5/6
Demo frothing rainbow (KISS)??????????????????
Draw on board word equation Reactants -- Products, Acid + base --- salt + water eg HCl + NaOH - NaCl + H2O
ALWAYS OBSERVE WHEN MIXING CHEMICALS SMELL< FIZZ< HEAT< COLOUR ETC
EXPT H/O indicators worksheet work in groups (make own indicator)
EXPT find Ph of everyday substances H/O WRITE UP CORRECTLY, conclusion BLUE ALKALI, RED ACID< GREEN NEUTRAL

11. Acid Reactions Acid + Base  Salt + Water
Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Carbonate  Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Hydrochloric acids (HCl) form CHLORIDE salts
Nitric acid (HNO3) forms NITRATE salts
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) forms SULFATE salts
Lesson 7
Write then do the experment
Hcl + NaOH -> NACl + H2O
2HNO3 + 2K -> 2KNO3 +H2 (note fizzing)
H2SO4 + CaCO3 -> CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 (note fizzing) STALAGMITE formation limestone caves Taj mahal
H/O Acids and bases rules revision
H/O Mix and match overview

12. Acid Rain Consider Causes Effects Chemical equations
natural
human
Effects
buildings
flora
fauna
health
Chemical equations
Prevention/Solution
Lesson 8/9 (show acid rain ppt? research their own)
RECAP was water neutral Why not Co2 in air dissolves to form carbonic acid h2co3
DEMO Marble chips added to H2SO4 OBSERVE fizz = gas
Other Minerals dissolved sulfur dioxide, from power stations volcanoes forms h2so4 and nitrogen dioxide NO2 from car exhausts ACID RAIN
Acid rain H/O and reading( poss read science world pg 256) CREATE POSTER causes of acid rain, chemical reaction involved, effect on buildings, plants , fish , humans include pictures, (might want flow diagram, mind map etc)
PRESENT back to class

13. Testing Gases Hydrogen - Lesson 10 Mg + H2SO4 Zn + HCl pop test
CaCO3 + HCl co2
MnO2 + H2O2 O2 kmn04 heated
H/O Quiz

14. Testing Gases Hydrogen - POP TEST Carbon Dioxide –
Explodes with a squeaky pop
Carbon Dioxide –
Mg + H2SO4 pop test
CaCO3 + HCl co2
MnO2 + H2O2 O2
H/O Quiz

15. Testing Gases Hydrogen - POP TEST
Explodes with a squeaky pop
Carbon Dioxide – Limewater goes cloudy
Oxygen –
Mg + H2SO4 pop test
CaCO3 + HCl co2
MnO2 + H2O2 O2
H/O Quiz

16. Testing Gases Hydrogen - POP TEST
Explodes with a squeaky pop
Carbon Dioxide – Limewater goes cloudy
Oxygen – Relights a glowing splint
Mg + H2SO4 pop test
CaCO3 + HCl co2
MnO2 + H2O2 O2
Kids need to have summary of the tests
H/O Quiz

17. Antacid Investigation
NZ facts 2007
70% population get heartburn /GERD
$9m on 1 brand!
3rd most widely prescribed medicine
Which brand is the best?
Lesson 11/12
Gastro Eosophageal Reflux disease
Based on what you have learnt how do they work
Stomach HCl, antacids are bases so neutralise
Interact with drugs which are pH dependent
Antifungal concentrations increased in presence of antacid – potential problems?
EXPT Science world pg 255 find which is most effective g per g, extension cost per g data, which is the best value for money
Create table on board for them to copy
H/O NCEA style 1 questions
H/O equations lots of practise word equations to formula equations balancing equations for excellerant

18. Identify Unknown Solutions? ?
Lesson 13 or 18 if extras are added
H/O Unknown chemicals
Work in groups to identify 4 solutions
SAFETY no taste/smell
Write up correctly

19. Rates of Reaction Factors increasing the rate of reaction Surface area
Concentration
Temperature
Catalyst/Enzyme
Pressure
Extra Lesson?
Reactions take place when particles collide, increase rate need to increase the amount of particles or how fast they are moving to increase the likelihood of a collission
Video solid/ ribbons/powder
Carbonate bombs more H+ available to react
EXPT 1cm mg ribbon in 5ml acid 10C, 20C, 30C, 40C water bath (temp) PLOT GRAPH what time would it take 1cm piece to react at 70C
And 2,4,6,8 cm ribbon surface area?
H/O expt rate of reaction

20. Metals/periodic table
, Element, compound, exo/endo

21. Method Collect the 4 substances to be tested
Place a drop of the first substance in the spotting tile
Test the substance with a drop of universal indicator
Record the result
Repeat steps 1-4 with the remaining 3 substances
Students work in groups
Draw diagram on board explaining what they do
They repeat instructions

22. Results Substance Universal indicator colour Hydrochloric acid Ammonia
Water
Sodium Hydroxide
Record the colour
Decide whether substance is acid or base
Make a traffic light
Write up experiment

23. Experiment write up Title Working with Indicators
Aim To find out what happens when….
Method As previous slide, short bullet point
Diagram Half page, labels, straight lines
Results Draw your table
Conclusion Write about what you learnt from the experiment. “Universal indicator turns blue in bases, red in acids and green when solutions are neutral. …was a base because it turned blue when we added indicator. …. Was an acid as it turned red when we added indicator. …. Was neutral as it turned green when we added indicator”
Recap last lesson we looked at acids reacting with various powders
What results did yo get
We need to write the experiment up correctly
Conclusion
Students write up the experiment

24. Investigate an Acid Vinegar is an acid
Add some powders to vinegar and OBSERVE what happens
Dissolve – powder is soluble
Doesn’t dissolve – powder is insoluble
Fizzing – reaction is occurring gas given off
Heat – does it get hot or not
Smell – gas given off
Colour change
Acetic acid = vinegar
Science is about experimenting, observing and correctly writing your results
What are some of the things which might happen use all your sences (dissolve, fizz, heat, smell, colour change)

25. Experiment time! Acids can react with metals
When we design an experiment we must make it fair
Add metal to acids to see which is most reactive what de we need to ensure is the same. Amount of acid amount of metal, same form powder, ribbon, lump
Click picture to open video
Observe what happens as he adds metal to acid in each container (write it down)

26. Method Collect 5 test tubes in a test tube rack
Put 1 spatula of either sugar, salt, baking soda, flour, washing powder into each test tube
Collect vinegar in a 50ml beaker
Add 5ml vinegar to a test tube and observe what happens
Record results in a table
Repeat step 4 and 5 until all test tubes are tested
Students work in groups
Draw diagram on board explaining what they do
They repeat instructions

27. Results Substance Observations Sugar Salt Etc.
(Dissolves, fizzes, smells etc.)
Sugar
Salt
Etc.
Draw a results table like this then begin experiment
Report any breakages, wear safeyt goggles
Hands up if you need help

28. Experiment write up Title Reactions with Acid
Aim To find out what happens when….
Method As previous slide, short bullet point
Diagram Half page, labels, straight lines
Results Draw your table
Conclusion Write about what you learnt from the experiment. “Some substances are able to dissolve completely and form a solution. Others will not dissolve and are insoluble.”
Recap last lesson we looked at acids reacting with various powders
What results did yo get
We need to write the experiment up correctly JIGSAW of write up instructions complete in groups
Conclusion “ Some substances are able to dissolve completely and form a solution. Eg salt and water sugar and water Others will not dissolve eg flour and water”
Students write up the experiment

29. Acid Extension Test series of fruit juices with indicator
Which has most acid
Rot teeth
Write up

30. Investigating Evaporation
When water is heated it turns from a liquid into a gas (steam)
This is called evaporation
Some things dissolved in the water will be left behind when the water is heated
Evaporation can be used to separate some solutions
Think of a kettle

31. Method Place 2g of salt and 10ml of warm water into a test tube
Place thumb over the top and shake to dissolve.
Pour 5ml of the salt solution into an evaporating dish
Light the Bunsen and turn to a blue flame
Heat the mixture until almost all the water has disappeared.
Observe and record what happens
Students work in groups
Draw diagram on board explaining what they do
They repeat instructions
Results salt solution bubbles, liquid disappeared, salt left behind
Conclusion Solution of salt and water is separated by evaporation

32. Experiment write up Title Investigating Evaporation
Aim To find out what happens when….
Method Short bullet points
Diagram Half page, labels, straight lines
Results Describe what happend
Conclusion Write about what you learnt from the experiment.
What results did you get – liquid bubbled, steam, left with salt white pwder
Conclusion “ The water in the solution was heated until it turned to steam and evaporated. The salt could not be evaporated and so it was left behind”
Students write up the experiment

33. Testing for Glucose Glucose is a sugar
Benedict’s solution is used to test for glucose
Add Benedict’s to the sample and heat, it turns ORANGE if glucose is present
Glucose is an important sugar for most forms of life
Describe how we could test food and drink to see if glucose is present – crush food add to water, in test tube, add few drops Benedicts, heat, record results
Write up the METHOD as the kids describe
Create results table
Teacher Perform experiment
Students write up

34. Forensic Scientists
Police often need scientists to help determine the cause of death
This person died holding 4 bags of white powder (salt, glucose, starch, baking soda)
You must investigate the substances and identify what they are

35. Design your Experiment
You have:
Vinegar
Water
Benedict’s solution
Privide H/O Telling the difference between 4 powders
Recap vinegar (acid) react with a base fizzes (baking soda)
Water dissolves (soluble or insoluble) evaporation (salt)
Benedicts (glucose present)(Starch)
BRING papers to me and I’ll check
Perform the experiment

36. Unknown Solutions
You have been given four solutions (glucose, salt, baking soda and vinegar)
The labels have fallen off!
Design an experiment which will allow you to identify the solutions
Evaporation
Benedict’s
Universal indicator
Water