1. From crime in the community to community crime control: New directions in criminological theory and crime management Jon Bannister Simon Mackenzie SCCJR, Crime and Communities network

2. A partnership forged between Glasgow, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow Caledonian Universities in alliance with Aberdeen, Dundee, Strathclyde and St Andrew’s Universities The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research

3. SCCJR Resources Research themes Civic criminology

4. Crime and Communities Community as offender, victim, cause and solution (In)civility: the anti-social and the pro-social Community safety and community crime control: practical solutions

5. Jon Bannister Crime in the community: new directions in criminological theory Tolerance and Anti-Social Behaviour

6. Tolerance Tolerance as a deliberative, moral and/or practical choice Tolerance as a British virtue and value? Tolerance as a legacy of New Labour?

7. Intolerance Evidence of rising intolerance (perceived and real): anti-social behaviour, disorder and conflict Falling thresholds of tolerance?

8. The Forces Shaping Tolerance A culture of individualism Economic insecurity Pluralism (globalisation and migration)

9. Policies Shaping Tolerance The urban policy paradox: celebrating difference, purifying space The absence of space for social encounters (physical and metaphorical)

10. A Cycle of Intolerance Sight, sound, stereotype Lack of evident common values The ‘other’ as increasingly threatening ‘Defining down deviance’, collective action and conflict

11. Simon Mackenzie Community crime control: new directions in crime management Community and Reciprocity

12. Civility as contribution An action scale of contribution Enforcement (e.g. bystander intervention) Performance (e.g. acting civil) Civility as a public good ABC D CivilityE FGH

13. Self-interest vs Reciprocity People are fundamentally self-interested, aren’t they? No. self--------------strong----------------total co-op/ interest reciprocity altruism

14. Reciprocity: definitions Reciprocity is the propensity to reward kind and punish unkind behaviour of others. Strong reciprocity is a predisposition to co-operate with others, and to punish (at personal cost, if necessary) those who violate the norms of co-operation, even where it is implausible to expect that these costs will be recovered at a later date. Strong reciprocators are conditional co-operators and altruistic punishers.

15. Practical implications of these models –Development of mutual trust, norms of fairness and cooperation –Visibility: Strategies needed to intensify contact and communication among potential cooperators –Ownership: a significant stake in the public good created –Esteem: reciprocity theory prioritises the desire for social esteem in the individual as a motivator for upholding one’s side of reciprocal bargains.

16. Community policing rather than community policing CAPS –Advisory councils and beat officers –Operation Beat Feet; March for Peace; Good Guys Loitering –Citizen evidence gathering and private shaming

17. www.sccjr.ac.uk s.mackenzie@lbss.gla.ac.uk j.bannister@socsci.gla.ac.uk