1. Subjects ExperimentalControl Total Total Subjects 22 17 39 Gender Males 8 7 24 Females 14 10 15

2. Subjects Experimental Control Total Class Level Freshmen 5 914 Sophomore 5 1 6 Junior 6 410 Senior 6 3 9

3. Subjects Experimental Control Total Ethnic Background Caucasian 0 0 0 African-American151328 “Other” 7 411

4. Results Mean Test Scores GroupPre-Test Post-Test Experimental5.73±3.34*14.45±4.8** Control8.18±3.82 7.82±4.6***

5. Results 5.7 14.5 8.2 7.8 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Pre-TestPost-Test Mean Correct Responses Experimental Control

6. Gender Results 6.13 7.14 11.75* + 7.85 5.5 8.9 16.0* $+ 7.8 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Mean correct responses Male Pre-Male Post-Female Pre-Female Post- Experimental Control

7. Class Level Results 3.6 $ 15.6* + 2.8** 12.2* + 7.5 16.3* + 8.2 13.5* + 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 M ean correct responses 9th10th11th12th Experimental Group Pre-Test Post-Test

8. Class Level Results 8.7 8.3 12.0 13.0 5.0 6.8 9.7 6.0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Mean correct responses 9th10th11th12th Control Group Pre-Test Post-Test

9. Specific Category Responses Protein supplements and muscle development (e.g., protein shakes and amino acids) # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 6 33.965.9 Post-Test6 64.435.7 Improvement+ 30.5 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

10. Specific Category Responses Vitamin and mineral supplements # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 6 16.380.3 Post-Test6 48.551.7 Improvement+ 32.2 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

11. Specific Category Responses Formula drinks (e.g., carbohydrate loading, fluid replacement and medium chain triglyceride [MCT] solutions) # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 3 12.187.9 Post-Test3 53.047.3 Improvement+ 40.9 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

12. Specific Category Responses Steroid-alternative supplements (e.g., creatine monohydrate, androstenedione, beta-hydroxy- beta-methylbutyrate [HMB], dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 8 18.781.2 Post-Test8 48.352.1 Improvement+ 29.6 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

13. Specific Category Responses Weight-loss supplements (e.g., ephedras, chromium picolinate) # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 4 18.281.8 Post-Test4 46.653.4 Improvement+ 28.4 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

14. Specific Category Responses Sport supplement safety # a %correct %incorrect Pre-Test 1 36.463.6 Post-Test1 77.222.7 Improvement+ 40.8 a = number of questions on questionnaire in particular category

15. Dietary Supplement Use Experimental Group (n = 22) Vitamin C (23%) Multivitamins (9%) Minerals Iron (9%) Protein (14%) *Note: results based on subjective responses

16. Dietary Supplement Use Control Group (n = 17) Vitamin C (18%) Minerals Calcium (23%) Iron (18%) Non-vitamin/non-mineral beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) *Note: results based on subjective responses

17. Discussion Results for control and experimental groups were low at pre-test and consistent with previous findings Whether the scores were a result of SES can only be speculated

18. Discussion Pre-test low scores may have been attributed to Questions being to difficult to understand (in particular the updated 7 questions) Subjects in this population possessing an even greater lack of basic nutrition knowledge

19. Discussion Because participation was voluntary, there was no way to assure that subjects would make honest attempts to correctly answer the questions

20. Discussion Significant differences at pre-test Experimental group had a significantly lower score at pre-test (p =0.040) May have allotted for greater improvement by experimental group Possibly a result of inability to randomize the sample population

21. Summary Effect of sport supplement intervention Five sessions of nutrition and sport supplement education intervention were effective in improving sport supplement knowledge in adolescents from a low- income community Consistent with finding from Hartman et al. (1997) in adults from low-income communities

22. Summary Gender differences (Experimental group) Present study indicated no significant difference between gender at pre-test The improvement at post-test was greater in females than males Finding does not agree with Massad et al. (1995) and Krowchuk et al. (1989)

23. Summary Class level differences (Experimental group) At pre-test Freshmen scores lower than seniors’ Sophomores’ scores significantly lower than juniors’ and seniors’ At post-test No significant differences in scores among class levels

24. Summary Dietary supplement use Most consumed vitamin/mineral supplements vitamin C iron calcium Consistent with Kim & Keen (1999) and Lino et al. (1999)

25. Limitations Sample Size Limited number of subjects available at NSA Finding a willing school to participate that fit the grant criteria Time restraints

26. Limitations Confounding error School fire Considerable subject maneuvering Loss of subjects (control group) Possible interaction between groups

27. Limitations Questionnaire Limitations Complicated terminology may have hindered the experimental group’s ability to understand certain issues Subject participation was optional and the investigator was unable to control attendance to educational lessons by the experimental group

28. Limitations Questionnaire Limitations Assessing frequency of dietary supplement use Results based on subjective responses Likert-type point value system Difficulty in ascertaining frequency of use

29. Limitations Sources of Nutrition Information Prior studies have assessed this information in adolescents from communities of higher income Present study would have provided suitable comparison for individuals of low-income

30. Conclusion A short-term nutrition education program can significantly improve sport supplement knowledge in high school students from a low-income community Future research is needed to assess long-term effects of nutrition education in low-income communities Use of more objective measures are also required

31. Generalizability Assuming internal consistency, results may be generalized to other high school adolescents in low-income communities

32. Future Research Implications Possibility for future research in this needed area is evident Similar investigation in progress Incorporating current material into other high school in low-income communities