3. Special Vocabulary Cartilage: Strong flexible connective tissue Cartilage: Strong flexible connective tissue Ossification: The process of bone being formed, renewed, and repaired Ossification: The process of bone being formed, renewed, and repaired Ligament: A band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another Ligament: A band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another

4. Special Vocabulary Continued Tendon: A fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone Tendon: A fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone Scoliosis: Lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine Scoliosis: Lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine Osteoporosis: A condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis: A condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue

5. Bones in the Body There are 206 bones in the adult human body. There are 206 bones in the adult human body. The overall job of the skeletal system is to provide structural support for the body and protects the innards. The overall job of the skeletal system is to provide structural support for the body and protects the innards. Range between.25 cm (the ear bone) to the length of the femur. Range between.25 cm (the ear bone) to the length of the femur.

6. Bones Classified into four categories: Classified into four categories: Flat, Long, Short, and Irregular Flat, Long, Short, and Irregular They are hard on the outside They are hard on the outside and soft and spongy on the and soft and spongy on the inside. inside.

7. Cranium Mandible The “skull” The “skull” Includes: Ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. Includes: Ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. It is used to protect the brain. It is used to protect the brain. The “jaw bone” The lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

8. Clavicle Sternum The “collar bone”. The “collar bone”. It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula (“shoulder blade”) and free limb (“arm”) are suspended. It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula (“shoulder blade”) and free limb (“arm”) are suspended. The “breastbone” It connects to the rib bones and helps to protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from physical trauma.

9. Rib Vertebra Ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and enable breathing by expanding the chest cavity. Ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and enable breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. Men and women have 12 pairs of ribs, 24 in total. Men and women have 12 pairs of ribs, 24 in total. Encases and protects the spinal cord. Ribs Vertebra

10. Humerus Radius and Ulna The “upper arm” The “upper arm” It connects the scapula to the lower arm. It connects the scapula to the lower arm. The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. The ulna is placed at the medial side of the forearm closest to the body, parallel with the radius on both arms.

11. Carpals Metacarpals The sole cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The sole cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges and the carpus.

12. Phalanges The “fingers” and “toes” The “fingers” and “toes” Distal: Are at the tips of the fingers and toes. Distal: Are at the tips of the fingers and toes. Proximal: Are closest to the hand (or foot) and articulate with the metacarpals of the hand, or metatarsals of the foot. Proximal: Are closest to the hand (or foot) and articulate with the metacarpals of the hand, or metatarsals of the foot. Middle or intermediate: Are between the distal and proximal. The thumb and big toe do not have middle phalanges. Middle or intermediate: Are between the distal and proximal. The thumb and big toe do not have middle phalanges.

13. Phalanges Cont.

14. Pelvis The “hip bone” The “hip bone” The pelvis is the section between the legs and the torso that connects the spine to the thigh bones. The pelvis is the section between the legs and the torso that connects the spine to the thigh bones. FemaleMale

15. Femur Patella The “thigh bone” The “thigh bone” Proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg. Proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg. The longest and largest bone. The longest and largest bone. One of the two strongest bones in the body also. One of the two strongest bones in the body also. It forms part of the hip joint and part of the knee joint. It forms part of the hip joint and part of the knee joint. The “knee cap” Circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension.

16. Femur Patella

17. Tibia Fibula The “shinbone” The “shinbone” The larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee. The larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee. Connects the knee with the ankle bones. Connects the knee with the ankle bones. The “calf bone” Located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below.

18. Tibia Fibula

19. Tarsals Metatarsals A cluster of bones in each foot between the lower end of tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. A cluster of bones in each foot between the lower end of tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. A group of five long bones located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes.

20. Skeletal Problems Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system. Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system. Poor nutrition, infections, sports injuries, and poor posture leads to skeletal problems. Poor nutrition, infections, sports injuries, and poor posture leads to skeletal problems. Degenerative disorders also cause problems. Degenerative disorders also cause problems.

21. Fractures A fracture is any type of break in a bone. A fracture is any type of break in a bone.

22. Simple Fracture Compound Fracture Broken bone does not break through the skin. Broken bone does not break through the skin. Broken end of the bone breaks through the skin.

23. Hairline Fracture Transverse Fracture Parts of the bone do not separate. Parts of the bone do not separate. When the fracture is completely across the bone.

24. Comminuted Fracture When the bone shatters into more than two pieces. When the bone shatters into more than two pieces.

25. Connective Tissue There are three types of connective tissue There are three types of connective tissue Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons Acts as a flexible structure for soft parts Acts as a flexible structure for soft parts All bones start All bones start out as cartilage out as cartilage

26. Joints Are points where the bones meet Are points where the bones meet Some joints do not move Some joints do not move While other joints do move While other joints do move Injuries to joints can occur from Injuries to joints can occur from overuse, strain, or disease. overuse, strain, or disease. Hinge joint Pivot Joint Ball and socket joint Saddle joint Condyloid joint Gliding joint

27. Dislocation Torn Cartilage Cause: When a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments. Cause: When a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments. Solution: Doctor can relocate it and immobilize it. Solution: Doctor can relocate it and immobilize it. Cause: A sharp blow to a joint or a severe twisting of a joint. Solution: Arthroscopic surgery can remove damaged cartilage.

28. Bursitis Bunions Cause: Painful inflammation of burse, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction. Cause: Painful inflammation of burse, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction. Solution: Rest and protect the area, apply an icepack, or take anti-inflammatory medicine Solution: Rest and protect the area, apply an icepack, or take anti-inflammatory medicine Cause: Swellings of the bursae in the first joint of the big toes. Solution: Resting the foot.

29. Arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. Cause: Inflammation of a joint, from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease. Cause: Inflammation of a joint, from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease. Solution: Treatment depends on which particular form is present, its location, severity, persistence, and any underlying background medical conditions patient may have. Solution: Treatment depends on which particular form is present, its location, severity, persistence, and any underlying background medical conditions patient may have. More than 100 different types. Most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. More than 100 different types. Most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

30. Arthritis Cont.

31. Repetitive Motion Injury Prolonged, repeated movements can damage tissue. Prolonged, repeated movements can damage tissue. Working on the computer can cause injury. Working on the computer can cause injury. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is caused by repetitive motion injury. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is caused by repetitive motion injury.

32. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Occurs when ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell. Occurs when ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell. Causes numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand. Causes numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand.

33. Osteoporosis Occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both. Occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both. There are several different treatments for osteoporosis, including lifestyle changes and a variety of medications. There are several different treatments for osteoporosis, including lifestyle changes and a variety of medications.

34. Osteoporosis Cont. Avoiding excess alcohol, smoking and regular exercise reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis. Avoiding excess alcohol, smoking and regular exercise reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis.

35. Caring for the Skeletal System A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear (when playing and practicing sports), and regular checkups are ways to care for it. A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear (when playing and practicing sports), and regular checkups are ways to care for it. Your overall health depends on the state of your skeletal system. Your overall health depends on the state of your skeletal system. Foods high in Calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus are good for your body. Foods high in Calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus are good for your body.

36. Fun Facts Both Humans and giraffes have the same amount of bones on their necks, just that the giraffes have a much longer vertebra. Both Humans and giraffes have the same amount of bones on their necks, just that the giraffes have a much longer vertebra. Our bones are six times stronger than steel if both are of the same weight. Our bones are six times stronger than steel if both are of the same weight. We have over 230 moveable and semi-movable joints in our body. We have over 230 moveable and semi-movable joints in our body. After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no noses or ears. After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no noses or ears. Every 1 in 50 people have an extra rib in their body Every 1 in 50 people have an extra rib in their body. Humans are born with 300-350 bones. Humans are born with 300-350 bones.

37. Questions 1. How many bones make up the skeletal system when someone is born? As an adult? 2. What are the four classifications of a bone? 3. How many ribs are there usually in an adult? 4. The Phalanges are the _______ and ____. 5. What is the longest bone in the human body?

38. Questions Cont. 6. What is a comminuted fracture? 7. What is a compound fracture? 8. The three types of connective tissue are: _________, _________, and _______. 9. What is Arthritis? 10. What is the overall job of the skeletal system?

39. Answers 1. Birth: 300-350 Adult: 206 2. Flat, long, short, and irregular. 3. 12 pairs or 24 ribs. 4. Fingers and toes. 5. The femur. 6. When the bone shatters into more than two pieces.

40. Answers Cont. 7. When the broken end of the bone breaks through the skin. 8. Cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. 9. Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. 10. The overall job of the skeletal system is to provide structural support for the body and protects the innards.