1. 1 Unit 1 Day 1—Warm Up Question: Use a new page (one side) for each day in your “Journal” and put the date somewhere at the top of the page. APES Warm Up (do while I check HW): Put the following numbers into scientific notation: A) 53,368,000 B) 2,763 C) 0.00038 D) 0.00000463

2. 2 William P. Cunningham University of Minnesota Mary Ann Cunningham Vassar College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline

3. 3 Understanding our Environment

4. 4 Outline Day 1: Case Study, 1.1 & 1.2 Introduction Current Conditions Day 4: 1.3 & 1.4 Historical Perspectives A Divided World Day 5: 1.5-1.7 Sustainable Development Indigenous People Environmental Ethics Environmental Justice Environmental Racism

5. 5 Case Study: Renewable Energy in China What is so special about Rizhao? Carbon Neutral—a system or process that doesn’t release more carbon to the atmosphere than it consumes  What processes produce and utilize carbon? Carbon Emissions-release of C into the atmosphere Per Capita-per person Subsidies-financial support

6. 6 Case Study: Renewable Energy in China What factors have allowed Rizhao to become carbon neutral? Low equipment costs due to subsidies, low-cost loans, and mass markets (makes products cheaper) Better job market—more consumers with money to spend on “green” technology Generous government spending for green tech Fast growing housing construction market in cities— just as easy to add green tech as conventional tech to new construction Low labor & raw material costs Have the mines for certain metals needed in green tech, right in China

7. 7 Case Study: Renewable Energy in China What is occurring in China that makes this such an important achievement for people around the world? China has a highest population in the world China’s economy is thriving Citizens in China are taking on a “Westernized” way of life----what does this mean? China’s energy consumption is rapidly increasing China’s traditional source of energy is dirty, filthy COAL

8. 8 1.1 What is Environmental Science? Environment is defined as: Conditions that surround an organism or group(s) of organisms Complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community

9. 9 What is Environmental Science? Environmental Science is the systematic study of our environment as well as our proper role in it  Field of E.S. is Interdisciplinary: - Natural Science - Social Science - Humanities  Mission oriented—solve problems, help humanity

10. 10 Many kinds of knowledge contribute to our understanding in Environmental Science

11. 11 What is the current population of humans on Earth? The United Nations projects that the human population will increase from the current 6.8 billion to between 8 billion and 10.5 billion in 2050 http://bixby.berkeley.edu/research/population/ US & World Population Clocks:

12. 12 Text Figure 1.4 What do each of these graphs illustrate with respect to human population growth? How is this both good news and bad news?

13. 13 What are the 6 Environmental Challenges? Human Population is just under 7.2 Billion 1. Climate Change: burning fossil fuels causes global climate change. 2. Food: food is inequitably distributed across the globe and 2/3 of agricultural lands show signs of degradation. 3. Water: may be the most critical resource in the 21st century. 4. Energy: fossil fuels are limited and cause pollution, there is a shift to using more renewable energy resources. 5. Air Pollution: air quality has worsened dramatically in many areas. 6. Biodiversity: species are being lost at a rapid rate.

14. 14 What are the 8 Signs of Hope? Progress has been made on many fronts 1. Population & Pollution: Many cities are more livable today than a century ago due to human birth rate stabilization and clean technology use. 2. Health: Incidence of life-threatening diseases has been reduced in most countries. 3. Spread of Education & Access to Current Information: Expanding access to knowledge is essential to progress. 4. Sustainable Resource Use has increased

15. 15 What are the 8 Signs of Hope? 5. Habitat Conservation: Tropical forest destruction has slowed & habitat protection has improved in some areas. 6. Renewable Energy: Progress is being made in the transition to renewable energy sources. 7. Standards on Carbon Emissions have been established as a way to decrease greenhouse gas production. 8. International Cooperation: helps solve global environmental problems.

16. 16 Some Definitions: Anthropogenic—generated (caused by) humans Ecological Footprint--Measure of the demand on Earth’s ecosystems (resources and services).

17. 17 “What do you think?” page 19 What conclusions can be drawn from the graph?

18. 18 END of Day 1—Stop here

19. 19 Today’s Warm Up 9/10/14: Solve the following: (1.9 x 10 -3 ) – (1.5 x 10 -4 ) = ___________

20. 20 1.3 Historical Perspective Over time there were four distinct stages 1. Pragmatic (Practical) Resource Conservation 2. Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation 3. Concern about Health and Ecological Damage 4. Global Environmental Citizenship These stages are not mutually exclusive and parts of each persist today in the environmental movement.

21. 21 1. Pragmatic Resource Conservation George Perkins Marsh - Man and Nature published in 1864  Influenced Theodore Roosevelt and his conservation advisor, Gifford Pinchot.  Pinchot’s policy was one of - Pragmatic Utilitarian Conservation  Use resources “For the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time”  Reflected today in the Multiple Use Policies of USFS

22. 22 2. Ethical and Aesthetic Nature Preservation John Muir - President Sierra Club  Nature deserves to exist for its own sake - regardless of degree of usefulness to humans.  Biocentric Preservation – “Why ought man to value himself more than…the one great unit of creation”. He opposed Pinchot’s view. Aldo Leopold –  A student of Pinchot’s  Authored “The Land Ethic” – “we abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us”.

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24. 24 3. Modern Environmental Movement The industrial expansion after WW II added new concerns to the environmental agenda.  Rachel Carson – awakened the public to the environmental threat posed by pesticides in her book Silent Spring (1962)  David Brower—introduced the use of litigation, regulatory intervention, and the use of mass media to environmental activists.  Barry Commoner—an activist scientist who spoke out about environmental hazards emphasized the link between science, technology and society.  Wangari Maathai-founded the Green Belt Movement in 1997 to organize poor rural African women to restore the local environment by planting trees, also promoting justice and equality

25. 25 Modern Environmental Leaders

26. 26 4. Global Environmentalism Modern information technology now allow for increased international communications. Local and regional environmental leaders increasingly have a worldwide impact. Today’s Global Environmental Leaders include: Wangari Maathai--Kenya Yu Xiaogang—China Muhammad Yunus—India Gro Brundtland--Norway

27. 27 A Divided World What are “haves” and “have nots”? What percentage of the world’s population falls into each group and which group are Americans in? World Bank estimates more than 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty earning < $1.25 (U.S.) per day. About 1/5 of the world’s population lives in countries with per capita income > $35,000 per year (U.S.). The other 4/5 lives in middle or low income countries. Gap between rich and poor continues to increase. The gap affects many quality of life indicators.

28. 28 Some Quality of Life Indicators

29. 29 A Divided World Why are the goals “eliminating poverty” and “protecting our common environment” interlinked? Poor are often both victims and agents of environmental degradation. They are trying to meet their present survival needs at the cost of long term sustainability. How is the “cycle of poverty” self-sustaining? Cycle of poverty continues over generations as people who are malnourished and ill cannot work productively and raise healthy children. They are often unable to participate fully in education and may lack skills necessary to get out of their situation.

30. 30 How does the ecological footprint of a US citizen compare with that of a Chinese citizen? Ecological Footprint: Measure of the demand on Earth’s ecosystems (resources and services)

31. 31 Is There Enough for Everyone? Wealthy nations consume an inordinate share of the world’s resources and produce an unsustainable amount of pollution. The U.S. makes up 4.6% of the world’s population, but consumes 25% of all oil production and generates 50% of all toxic wastes in the world. If all the residents of China were to match American consumption, it would take four extra planet Earths to support them using current technology. PROBLEM---the standard of living in China is rising for many

32. 32 Economic Progress Over the past 50 years, the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from $2 trillion to $22 trillion. Since WW II, average real income in developing countries has doubled and life expectancy has increased by 30%. BUT AGAIN- The worldwide gap between rich and poor has widened. MDC—More developed country LDC—Less developed country (“Third World”)

33. 33 End of 1.4—Stop Here

34. 34 Unit 1 Day 5—Warm Up Question: Solve the following: A) (1.36 x 10 5 ) – (5.5 x 10 3 ) B) (3.6 x 10 -7 ) – (6.5 x 10 -8 )

35. 35 1.5--Sustainable Development What is it and how can we achieve it? “Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland 1987)  Benefits must be available to all humans, rather than to a privileged few.  Economic growth alone is not enough. Political stability, democracy, and equitable economic distribution are needed to ensure that all benefit.

36. 36 Sustainable Development Many ecologists view continual population growth as impossible in the long run due to:  limited nonrenewable resources  Buildup of wastes. Others argue that through the use of technology and social organization, we can manage to meet our needs and provide for long-term (but not infinite) growth.

37. 37 Indigenous People Indigenous (native) people are often the least powerful, most neglected people in the world.  At least half the world’s 6,000 distinct languages are dying.  Indigenous homelands may harbor vast percentage of world’s biodiversity.  Recognizing native land rights and political rights may often be a solid ecological safeguard as indigenous people have a rich knowledge of local habitats.

38. 38 Biological and Cultural Diversity are Linked

39. 39 1.6 Environmental Ethics & World Views Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with what actions are right and wrong. Environmental ethics deals with our moral obligations to the world around us. Worldviews - sets of basic beliefs, images and understandings that shape how we see the world around us. Worldviews also determine what questions are valid to ask. How we relate to the environment depends largely on our values and world view.

40. 40 Who or What has Moral Value? Moral extensionism - extending moral values to others  Should moral extensionism include granting some degree of moral value to animals, plants and the environment? Value - a measure of the worth of something  Inherent value - intrinsic right to exist or innate worth  Instrumental value - items have worth only because they are of use to or valued by another person

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42. 42 Religious Traditions Ethical and moral values are often rooted in religious traditions. Stewardship - taking care of the resources we are given. Calls for both environmental stewardship and human domination over nature can be found in most world religions. Increasingly, many churches and religious leaders today are promoting faith based environmental stewardship and conservation.

43. 43 1.7 Environmental Justice Because of their economic status, minorities in the US and globally may be subjected to a disproportionate amount of environmental health risks in their neighborhoods and work places. The field of environmental justice combines civil rights with environmental protection to demand a safe and healthy environment for everyone.

44. 44 Environmental Racism Environmental Racism is an inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race. Such as--placement of low income housing near environmentally hazardous or degraded areas Lead poisoning in children as a result of drinking water from aging plumbing or eating paint chips in older buildings is an example of this phenomenon. At all income levels, black children are 2 to 3 times more likely suffer lead poisoning in the US than are white children.

45. 45 Texas City, TX

46. 46 Toxic colonialism Toxic colonialism is the practice of targeting poor communities or communities of color in developing nations as waste disposal areas. For example, Native Americans have been subject to numerous attempts to set up hazardous waste sites, landfills or incinerators on their reservations. The short-term economic incentive of such attempts can be overwhelming for a poverty stricken population.

47. 47 Example—Bhopal, India—Union Carbide Chemical Leak

48. 48 US Environmental Justice Act 1992 Established to: Identify areas threatened by high toxic levels Assess the health effects due to these toxins Ensure that people living within identified areas have a voice in clean up efforts

49. 49 Data Analysis--Working with Graphs p35 What is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable? What is the lowest and highest value for the dependent variable? What was the approximate size of our global footprint in 1960? In 2005? How many times larger is it? Which factor has the greatest impact in 1961? In 2005? Based on this graph, would you say that your footprint is greater than your parents? Are you happier or healthier than your parents were at your age? Why or why not?

50. 50 Data Analysis-- Working with Graphs p35 What two different relationships are shown on this graph? Which line is using the y axis on the right? What can you tell about the GDP in China, over the past 10 years ? What has happened to the pollutant levels as GDP has changed? How might the GDP change be responsible for the changes in the pollutants? How might it not be responsible?