1. H 4 Functions of the liver
Ms. TRS

2. H 4.1 Circulation in the Liver
Blood is supplied to the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
The hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood from the heart
The hepatic portal vein supplies deoxygenated blood from the stomach or intestines – contains nutrients
The hepatic vein drains blood from the liver and carries it back to the heart.
Several short veins originate within the lobes of the liver as small branches, which unite to form the hepatic veins. These lead directly to the inferior vena cava, draining blood from the liver.

3. Circulation in the Liver
Bile caniculus
Sinusoid
Tube connecting to bile duct

5. H 4. 2 The role of liver in regulating levels of nutrients in blood
Nutrient levels fluctuate in the bloodstream – based on what?
Excessively high nutrient levels could damage organs, especially the brain.
The liver regulates blood nutrient levels before blood reaches the rest of the body.
Glucose and salts affect osmotic concentration of blood ( increased water in blood/hypertonic/harmful to brain cells).
Excess amino acids and vitamins can be harmful

6. Storage of nutrients
Levels of nutrients in the body need to be controlled, otherwise they can rise to levels which can become harmful
excess glucose causes osmotic stress
excess iron can cause iron deposits in tissues
excess Vitamin D (calciferol) can cause elevated calcium levels, anorexia, nausea and kidney failure
excess Vitamin A (retinol) can be fatal
30 – 90 g of polar bear liver contains enough Vitamin A to kill a human if eaten in one meal

7. H 4.3 Role of liver in storage of nutrients
The hepatocytes of the liver control levels of iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin D by:
Absorbing and storing each nutrient when it is in excess
Releasing the nutrient into the blood stream when levels start to drop
Synthesis of important chemicals
important for cell membranes, bile and steroid synthesis
Some cholesterol is absorbed from food
The majority of the body’s cholesterol is synthesised by the liver and used in bile

8. Synthesis of important chemicals continued
hepatocytes produce 90% of plasma proteins
The main plasma proteins are:
albumin – maintains osmotic pressure and carries molecules of low solubility
fibrinogen – involved in clotting
globulins – have a wide variety functions including the transport of iron and sex hormones, preventing oxidation and immune responses
Hepatocytes produce albumin, fibrinogen and most globulins except immunoglobulins

10. H 4. 5 Role of liver in detoxification
Responsible for the removal of many substances toxic to the body.
Examples:
Ethanol
Food preservatives
Pesticides/herbicides

11. H 4. 6 Erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown
Senescent erythrocytes are removed by phagocytic cells in the spleen, liver and bone marrow, or…
… they may rupture, releasing haemoglobin into the plasma
Haemoglobin is removed from the plasma by phagocytic cells in the walls of the sinusoids, called Kupffer cells

12. Globins Amino acids Iron Haemoglobin Haem groups Bile pigments
(protein part)
Amino acids
In the Kupffer cells…
Iron
(sent to bone marrow
via blood& recycled)
Haemoglobin
Haem groups
(prosthetic group)
passed to
hepatocytes
Haem group
Bile pigments
(formed from
porphyrin ring)
Porphyrin ring

13. A healthy liver and liver with cirrhosis

14. H 4. 7Alcohol and Liver Damage
The hepatic portal vein brings alcohol to the liver from the stomach. Alcohol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; however, alcohol cannot be stored and therefore, the body must oxidize it to get rid of it. Alcohol can only be oxidized in the liver, where enzymes are found to initiate the process.
Any alcohol not removed from the blood immediately will recirculate into the sinusoids again via the hepatic artery.
Thus, alcohol can have a MAGNIFIED effect on liver tissue

15. Prolonged abuse of alcohol can lead to following types of liver damage: The liver is a very tough and resilient organ, capable of regenerating itself. Despite this resilience, prolonged alcohol misuse over many years can damage the liver.
Each time the liver filters alcohol, some of the liver cells die. The liver can regenerate new cells. But after heavy drinking, for many years, the liver will lose its ability to regenerate new cells, causing serious damage
Cirrhosis – scar tissue left from hepatocytes, blood vessels, and ducts being destroyed by alcohol.
Fat accumulation – damaged areas often build up with fat deposits.
Inflammation – swelling of the liver

16. 3 Functions of the Liver Metabolic regulation Hematological regulation
Bile production

17. Storage Functions of the Liver
carbohydrates – stored as glycogen in the liver & muscle. If glucose levels drop too far below 90 mg/dl, glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the bloodstream.
iron – large quantities of free iron are toxic, so the liver stores excess iron as ferritin.

18. Storage Functions of the Liver
fat soluble vitamins – Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the liver. These reserves are called on when the diet contains inadequate amounts of these vitamins.

19. Recycling RBCs

20. Metabolism of Alcohol
1st liver enzyme--Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)-----> Acetaldehyde
2nd liver enzyme--Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase----> Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid oxidized by body organs----> CO2 + H2O

21. Stages in alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic fatty liver disease: It is the first stage of alcoholic liver disease. Heavy consumption of alcohol, even for only a few days, can lead to a build-up of fatty acids in the liver. Fatty liver disease rarely causes any symptoms but it is an important warning sign that the current drinking level is harmful to the health. Fatty liver disease is reversible.
After stopping drinking alcohol for two weeks, the liver should return to normal.

22. Stages in alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis: It is the second more serious stage of alcoholic liver disease. Extended alcohol misuse over many years can cause the tissues of the liver to become inflamed. This is known as alcoholic hepatitis. In some rare cases, alcoholic hepatitis can occur after drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time (binge drinking).
Alcoholic hepatitis is usually reversible by stopping alcohol consumption for several months or years.

23. Stages in alcoholic liver disease
Cirrhosis: It is the final stage of alcoholic liver disease. Cirrhosis occurs when prolonged inflammation of the liver has caused scarring of the liver and subsequent loss of function. Loss of liver function can result in death.
The damage caused by cirrhosis is not reversible. In mild to moderate cases, stopping drinking alcohol immediately can prevent further damage. Gradual recovery of the liver function can be achieved. In more severe cases, a liver transplant may be required.