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2. Lipids are a diverse collection of substances that have a range of different functions in living systems Lipids are compounds that serve both as structural and nutrient substances The lipid group includes fats and oils, waxes, steroids and phospholipids. These molecules have a low solubility in water but a high solubility in solvents such as ethanol and chloroform Fats & oils are formed from molecules of glycerol and fatty acids The Nature of Lipids

3. Glycerol Methyl group Carboxylic acid group A Fatty Acid Hydrocarbon chain Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol molecule Fatty acids are composed of hydrocarbon chains of varying length with a methyl group at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other The Components of Fats & Oils

4. Double bond Unsaturated fatty acid: less saturated with hydrogen atoms 3 2 3 Saturated fatty acid General formula for a saturated fatty acid 2 n 3 Saturated & Unsaturated Fatty Acids

5. A TRIGLYCERIDE -3H 2 O Condensation Reaction Ester bond GLYCEROL THREE FATTY ACID MOLECULES Formation of a Triglyceride

6. OR Phospholipids

7. Polar phosphate head (hydrophilic) Hydrophobic fatty acid (lipid) tails The phosphate-containing end of the phospholipid molecule is soluble in water, while the hydrophobic fatty acid tails orientate themselves in positions away from a watery medium The bipolar nature of phospholipids allows these molecules to form bilayers that form a major component of cell membranes Phospholipids

8. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER water phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane cholesterol stabilising the membrane Cholesterol molecules are located between the tails of the phospholipid molecules where they serve to stabilise the membrane These cholesterol molecules are also classed as LIPIDS although they belong to a very different sub-group known as STEROIDS

9. DFats & oils are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. DThe building blocks (monomers) of fats and oils are glycerol & fatty acid molecules. DFats & oils are TRIGLYCERIDES. DThree fatty acid molecules bond to each glycerol molecule by CONDENSATION REACTIONS. DThe bonds formed from these condensation reactions are called ESTER BONDS. DFats & oils are chemically similar but physically different. DFats are solid at room temperature whereas oils are liquid. Summary

10. DMonoglycerides & diglycerides also form when glycerol and fatty acids bond by condensation reactions. DMonoglycerides form when only ONE FATTY ACID bonds with a glycerol molecule. DDiglycerides form when TWO FATTY ACIDS bond with a glycerol molecule. DPhospholipids are DIGLYCERIDES. DPhospholipids form when TWO FATTY ACIDS and a PHOSPHATE group bond to a glycerol molecule. DThe phosphate end of the molecule is hydrophilic (water-loving) and the two fatty acids tails are hydrophobic (water-hating). DPhospholipids are a major structural component of cell membranes. DSteroids such as cholesterol, oestrogen and progesterone also belong to the class lipids.