1. CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Energy Sector – Fuel Combustion Version 2, April 2012 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

2. Target Audience and Objective of the Training Materials 2 These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development. After having read this presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the reader should: a)Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the energy sector (fuel combustion); b)Have a general understanding of the methods available, as well as of the main challenges in that particular area; c)Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best; d)Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed. These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis of methodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular issue. Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

3. Acronyms EFDBIPCC Emission Factor Database GPGGood Practice Guidance GWPGlobal Warming Potential IEAInternational Energy Agency 3 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

4. 1A.4 Outline of this Presentation – Fuel Combustion Fuel combustion References (slide 7) Basic steps for estimation of emissions (slide 23) Relationships with other sources and sectors (slide 41) Quality control and completeness (slide 43) 4 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

5. 1A.5 Fugitive emissions Introduction Coal mining and handling Oil and natural gas systems Data issues References Outline – Fuel Combustion 5 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

6. 1A.6 Survey Audience poll… Who has prepared a national inventory for your country? Who has worked on the energy sector? Please share… Problems you have faced in preparing estimates for the energy sector Your plans for the future to improve your inventory. 6 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

7. 1A.7 Reference Materials UNFCCC (COP decisions, reporting guidelines, etc.) IPCC - Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories - IPCC good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national GHG inventories - IPCC good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry - IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB) - IPCC Working Group I Assessment Reports - Use “old” Second Assessment Report (SAR) Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for reporting International Energy Agency (IEA) 7 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

8. 1A.8 IPCC Guidance Fundamental methods laid out in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines IPCC good practice guidance clarifies some issues (e.g. international bunker fuels) and provides some updated factors… …but no major changes made for fuel combustion! 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide new information on non-energy use, new Tier 2 method for oil systems fugitives, guidance on abandoned coal mines, etc. 8 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

9. 1A.9 Key Category Analysis Level assessment based on share of total national emissions for each source category. Trend assessment based on contribution of category to changes in emission trends. Qualitative criteria 9 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

10. 1A.10 Key Category Analysis (cont.) Idea of key sources based on a measure of which sources contribute to uncertainty in inventory. Most, if not all, source categories in the energy sector will be key source categories. The analysis only as good as the original emissions data. You probably already know your key categories. 10 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

11. 1A.11 Fuel Combustion - Stationary Sources Energy industries Extraction, production and transformation Electricity generation, petroleum refining Autoproduction of electricity Manufacturing industries and construction Iron and steel production Non-ferrous metal production Chemical manufacturing Pulp, paper and print Food processing, beverages and tobacco Commercial/institutional Residential Agriculture/forestry/fisheries 11 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

12. 12 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Example of Decision Tree

13. 1A.13 Fuel Combustion - Autoproducers 13 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Source: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories, Reference Manual – Volume 3, p. 1.32.

14. 1A.14 Fuel Combustion - Mobile Sources Civil aviation Road transportation Cars Light duty trucks Heavy duty trucks and buses Motorcycles Railways Navigation International bunker fuels are reported separately. 14 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

15. 1A.15 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions The calculation methodology is mass-balance-based. Oxidation of the carbon in fuels occurs during combustion. In perfect combustion conditions, total carbon content of fuels would be converted to CO 2. Real combustion processes result in small amounts of partially oxidized and unoxidized carbon. 15 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

16. 1A.16 Carbon Flow for a Typical Combustion Process Most carbon is emitted as CO 2 immediately. A small fraction emitted as non-CO 2 gases: CH 4, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) Ultimately oxidizes to CO 2 in the atmosphere Integrated into overall calculation of CO 2 emissions Each carbon atom has two atmospheric lifetimes The remaining part of the fuel carbon is unburnt: Assumed to remain as solid (ash and soot) Account by using oxidation factors. 16 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

17. 1A.17 Non-CO 2 Emissions Direct greenhouse gases: Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Precursors and SO 2 : Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) Carbon monoxide (CO) Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ). 17 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

18. 1A.18 Non-CO 2 Emissions Require Detailed Process Information Combustion conditions Size and vintage of the combustion technology Maintenance Operational practices Emission controls Fuel characteristics. 18 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

19. 1A.19 Methane (CH 4 ) Emissions are a function of: methane content of the fuel hydrocarbons passing unburned through engine engine type post-combustion controls. Depends on temperature in boiler/kiln/stove. Highest emissions are in residential applications (e.g. small stoves, open biomass burning, charcoal production). 19 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

20. 1A.20 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Lower combustion temperatures tend to lead to higher N 2 O emissions. Emission controls (catalysts) on vehicles can increase the rate of N 2 O generation, depending on: driving practices (i.e. number of cold starts) type and age of the catalyst. Significant emissions for countries with a high penetration of vehicles with catalysts: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2004/sbsta/inf03.pdf 20 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

21. 1A.21 Methods for Estimating CO 2 Reference approach (Tier 1): Estimates based on national energy balance (production + imports - exports) by fuel type without information on activities Performed quickly if basic energy balance sheet is available Way of cross-checking emission estimates of CO 2 with the sectoral approach. Sectoral approach (Tier 1): Estimates based on fuel consumption data by sectoral activity. Bottom-up approaches (Tier 2 or 3): More detailed activity and fuel data are required. 21 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

22. 1A.22 Emissions by Source Categories - Fundamental Equation 22 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Source: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories, Reference Manual – Volume 3, p. 1.30.

23. 1A.23 Six Basic Steps for Estimating CO 2 1.Collect fuel consumption data. 2.Convert fuel data to a common energy unit. 3.Select carbon content factors for each fossil fuel/product type and estimate the total carbon content of fuels consumed. 4.Subtract the amount of carbon stored in products for long periods of time. 5.Multiply by an oxidation factor. 6.Convert carbon to full molecular weight of CO 2 and sum across all fuels. 23 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

24. 1A.24 Step 1. Collect Consumption Data Reference approach - Estimate apparent consumption of fuels within the country. Sectoral approach - Collect actual consumption statistics by fuel type and economic sector. Tier 2 or 3 - Collect actual fuel consumption statistics by fuel type, economic sector and combustion technology type. 24 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

25. 1A.25 Step 1. Collect Consumption Data - Data Collection Issues IPCC sectoral approach can still be used even if energy data are not collected using the same sector categories: - Focus on completeness and use judgement or proxy data to allocate to various subsectors. Biomass combustion data are not needed for CO 2 estimation, but are reported for information purposes. Informal sector fuel use is an important issue if not captured in energy statistics: - Household kerosene use can be approximated based on expert judgement or proxy data. 25 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

26. 1A.26 Step 2. Common Energy Unit Convert : o Fuel data into a common energy unit o Production and consumption of solid and liquid fuels in tonnes o Gaseous fuels in cubic metres o Original units into energy units using calorific values (i.e. heating values). Reference approach: use different calorific values for production, imports and exports. Calorific values used should be reported. 26 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

27. 1A.27 Step 3. Estimate Total Carbon Content of Fuels Consumed Natural gas Depends on composition (methane, ethane, propane, butane and heavier hydrocarbons) Natural gas flared at the production site will usually be “wet’’ – its carbon content factor will be different Typical: 15 to 17 tonnes C/TJ. Oil Lower carbon content for light refined petroleum products such as gasoline Higher for heavier products such as residual fuel oil Typical for crude oil: 20 tonnes C/TJ. Coal Depend on coal's rank and composition of hydrogen, sulphur, ash, oxygen and nitrogen Typical ranges: from 25 to 28 tonnes C/TJ. 27 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

28. 1A.28 Step 4. Subtract Non-Energy Uses Oil refineries: asphalt and bitumen for road construction, naphthas, lubricants and plastics Natural gas: for ammonia production Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG): solvents and synthetic rubber Coking: metals industry. Attempt to use country-specific data instead of IPCC default carbon storage factors. 28 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Source: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories, Reference Manual – Volume 3, p. 1.26.

29. 1A.29 Step 5. Multiply by an Oxidation Factor Multiply by an oxidation factor to account for the small amount of unoxidized carbon that is left in ash or soot. Amount of carbon remaining unoxidized should be low for oil and natural gas combustion… …but can be larger and more variable for coal combustion. When national oxidation factors are not available, use IPCC default factors. 29 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

30. 1A.30 Step 5. (Cont.) - Oxidation Factor Values Natural gas Less than 1% left unburned Remains as soot in the burner, stack or environment IPCC default oxidation factor = 99.5% Higher for flares in the oil and gas industry Closer to 100% for efficient turbines. Oil 1.5 ± 1 per cent left unburned IPCC default oxidation factor = 99% Recent research has shown 100% in autos. 30 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

31. 1A.31 Coal Range from 0.6% to 6.6% unburned Primarily in the form of bottom and fly ash IPCC default oxidation factor = 98%. Biomass Can range widely, especially for open combustion For closed combustion (e.g. boiler), the range is from 1% to 10% No IPCC default. 31 Step 5. (Cont.) - Oxidation Factor Values Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

32. 1A.32 Step 6. Convert to Full Molecular Weight and Sum Convert carbon to full molecular weight of CO 2 and sum across all fuels. To express the results as CO 2, multiply the quantity of carbon oxidized by the molecular weight ratio of CO 2 to C (44:12). 32 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

33. 1A.33 Step 6. (Cont.) - International Bunker Fuels CO 2 emissions arising from fuels used in ships or aircraft for international transport, not to be included in the national total. Fuels delivered to and consumed by international bunkers should be subtracted from the fuel supply to the country. Bunker fuel emissions should be mentioned in a separate table as a memo item. See IPCC decision trees on marine and aviation transport emission allocation. 33 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

34. 1A.34 Step 6. (Cont.) - Biomass Fuels CO 2 emissions from biomass fuels should not be included in national emission totals from fuel combustion. Reported for information only… Household fuelwood Ethanol and biodiesel for transport. Account for mixed fuels (e.g. ethanol blends). Net CO 2 emissions implicitly accounted for under the LULUCF sector Non-CO 2 emissions from biomass combustion should be estimated and reported under the energy sector! 34 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

35. 1A.35 Methods for Non-CO 2 Emissions Tier 1 Multiply fuel consumed by an average emission factor: Does not require detailed activity data Rely on widely available fuel supply data that assume an average combustion technology is used. Tiers 2/3 Multiply fuel consumed by detailed fuel type and technology-specific emission factors: Tier 2 methods use data that are disaggregated according to technology types Tier 3 methods estimate emissions according to activity types (km travelled or tonnes-km carried) and specific fuel efficiency or fuel rates. Use the most disaggregated technology-specific and country-specific emission factors available. 35 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

36. 1A.36 Fundamental Equation Emissions = Σ(Emission Factor abc Fuel Consumption abc ) Where, a = fuel type b = sector activity c = technology type including emissions controls. 36 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

37. 1A.37 Stationary Combustion Default emission factors for CH 4, N 2 O, NO x, CO and NMVOCs by major technology and fuel type are presented in the IPCC Guidelines. Most notable: CH 4 emissions from open burning and biomass combustion. Charcoal production is likely to produce methane emissions at a rate that is several orders of magnitude greater than from other combustion processes. 37 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

38. 1A.38 Mobile Combustion Major transport activity (road, air, rail and ships). Most notable: N 2 O emissions from road transportation, affected by the type of emission control technologies. Non-Annex I Parties should focus their efforts on collecting data on the number of vehicles with catalytic emissions control devices that operate in their country. 38 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

39. 1A.39 Road transport activity data: Assume vast majority of motor gasoline used for transport Check data with equipment counts or vehicle sales/import/export data Base assumptions of vehicle type and emission control technology on vehicle vintage data (i.e. model year of sale) and assumed activity level (i.e. vehicle- km-travelled/vehicle) Consider national emission standards, leaded gasoline prevalence, and compliance with standards. 39 Mobile Combustion (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

40. 40 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Example of Decision Tree

41. 1A.41 Relationships with Other Sources and Sectors Industrial processes sector: Non-energy fossil fuel feedstocks data, if available, may not be reliable Petrochemical “feedstocks” may actually be used for energy Coal purchased by iron and steel industry may be used to make coke Focus on petrochemical industry and metal production (e.g. iron and steel) Conservative estimate: assume plastics, asphalt, and some lubricants stored Subtract carbon content from these products. 41 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

42. 1A.42 Relationships with Other Sources and Sectors (cont.) Waste sector: Combustion of wastes for energy purposes included in energy sector Incineration of plastics. LULUCF sector: Biomass carbon implicitly accounted for. Autoproduction of electricity Fuel use for military purposes Mobile sources in agriculture 42 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

43. 1A.43 Quality Control and Completeness Checks All gases (CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O) All source and subsource categories All national territories addressed Bunker fuels and military operations All fossil-fuel-fired electric power stations Blast furnaces and coke production Waste combustion with energy recovery Black market fuels Non-metered fuel use for pipelines by compressor stations. 43 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

44. 1A.44 Uncertainty Uncertainty in carbon content and calorific values for fuels is related to the variability in fuel composition and frequency of actual measurements. Likely to be small for all countries. For most non-Annex I Parties the uncertainty in activity data (i.e. fuel consumption data) will be the dominant issue! - Effort should focus on collection of fuel consumption data - Country-specific carbon content factors are unlikely to improve CO 2 estimates significantly. It is important to document the likely causes of uncertainty and discuss steps taken to reduce uncertainties. 44 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

45. 45 Thank you Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)