1. Recent Developments In The Theory And Practice Of Islamic Banking And Finance Humayon Dar Loughborough University

2. References  El-Gamal, M. A. 2000 A Basic Guide to Contemporary Islamic Banking and Finance. ONLINE RESOURCE http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~elgamal/files/primer.pdf  Al-Jarhi, M. A. and Iqbal, M. 2001 Islamic Banking: Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions. Jeddah: IRTI.

3. Lecture Plan  Introduction  Models of Islamic banking and finance Earlier models Later models  Practice Pre-1980 1980-1990 1990 onwards

4. Lecture Plan …  Recent developments  Change in thinking/emphasis  Future  Conclusions

5. Introduction  Banking and finance in commensurate with the Shariah – Islamic law Shariah-compliant banking? Halal banking?

6. Introduction…  Banking and finance as an integral part of an Islamic economic system Banking and finance to achieve policy objectives of an Islamic system? Social Banking?

7. Introduction…  Spread all over the world  Over 50-75 countries  About 250 Islamic financial institutions  $200-$800 billion in size  Average annual growth of 15%

8. How Did It All Start?  It is a modern banking style: post-1950 phenomenon  Egypt (1963), Malaysia (1963) and Pakistan (1965) early experimentation  Malaysia stands out Pakistan and Egypt left behind  The Middle East as a hub of Islamic Finance

9. What Was The Initial Thinking?  Ills of interest highlighted interest-based financial system: a cause of under-development  Need for an Islamic alternative socio-economic development, equity and justice etc emphasised  Idea of social or community banking Mit Ghamr was a social bank

10. What Was The Initial Thinking?  Development motive was at the heart of Islamic banking thinking Islamic Development Bank (1974)

11. Modelling Islamic Banking And Finance  Modelling of Islamic banking shifted the emphasis from social banking to profit loss sharing and profit-motive  Two-Tier Mudaraba Model profit motive emphasised  Conventional banking style was adopted as a way forward private banks or special Islamic banks (1974 - )

12. Practice …  Murabaha or fixed-return modes dominated PLS marginalised  Idea of social/ community/ development banking faded away  Era of Islamic commercial banking earning profit as opposed to charging interest

13. Practice…  Anglo-Saxon model of banking  Profitability as a yardstick of success

14. Current Issues  Transition from interest-free paradigm to asset-based paradigm  Pricing of Islamic financial products  Screening principles for investing in equity and stocks

15. Current Issues…  Financial innovation  Regulation of Islamic financial services  Towards a theory of Islamic financial firm

16. Interest-Free Versus Asset-Based  Interest-free banking was a hallmark of Islamic finance pre-1990 emphasis  Institutionalisation of Murabaha post-1990 phenomenon  Return on asset-backed financial assets is acceptable

17. An Example!  I need £100,000 for a business venture for a period of one year.  I have got two options 1. Borrowing at a rate of interest of 7% 2. Going Islamic way First is not acceptable to my Shariah Advisor What about the second?

18. Option 2  My advisor issues securities worth £100,000 on my house  The securities are sold to a third party with a buy-back clause of one year  The buyer then rents the house to me for one year on a rental equivalent to 7% of the stocks’ worth (£100,000)

19. Option 2… Is it acceptable? YES… This is what we do in securitisation!!!

20. What’s The Difference?  Option 1 involves Riba while Option 2 involves trade Probably right But… Are they really different? Yes… Probably not…

21. Options 1 And 2 Compared Option 1  Pure monetary phenomenon  Return on money – riba  Straight forward  Cheap Option 2  Trade of a physical item is involved  Return on investment in property – rental  Involves some sort of innovation  Costly

22. But Are They Really Different? Option 1  Return on money Option 2  Return on securities

23. There are Other Ways… Party CParty B Party A $100 (cash) $105 (credit) £100 cash

24. Result Asset-based financing has become a hallmark of Islamic banking and finance in the 21st century

25. Pricing Of Islamic Financial Products  Interest remains relevant  Benchmarking with LIBOR, KLIBOR  Positive correlation between interest and prices of Islamic financial products  Normally a “mark-up” over the benchmarked interest

26. Consequently…  Demand for Islamic finance remains sluggish at a grassroots level  Islamic finance’s focus remains on the so-called “captive market”  Islamic finance as an elitist phenomenon  Is it supply-driven?

27. Principles Of Islamic Investing  Investing in stocks in a Halal/ Islamic way  Dow Jones and FT Islamic Indices  Full details available on the respective websites http://www.djindexes.com http://www.ftse.com/indices_marke tdata/ground_rules/global-islamic- ground-rules.pdf  Islamic investment/ mutual fund industry

28. Financial Innovation  Strong need for financial innovation for further growth in Islamic finance  Securitisation  Sukuk structures

29. The Ijara Sukuk Islamic Issuer SPV Islamic Investors Sells the assets Certificates of participation Cash Lease agreement Rental payments Rental payments/ coupons Buys back the assets at maturity Re-imbursement of 100% of the issue price at maturity Direct recourse

30. The Mixed Assets Sukuk Islamic Ultimate Borrower SPV Islamic Investors Certificates of participation Cash Transfer of leased assets or to be leased to issuer (2) Transfer of Murabaha Deals (1) Fixed payment of the return on the assets Direct recourse Purchase of the assets (1+2)

31. Regulation of Islamic Financial Services  Separate regulatory framework for Islamic finance is considered a necessity  AAIOFI  IFSB

32. Towards A Theory Of The Islamic Financial Firm  Definition(s)  Objectives  Analysis

33. Future Of Islamic Finance  Not much different from conventional finance  Need for re-direction  Need for genuine innovation  Future lies in Islamic homelands and not in the Western financial centres

34. Conclusion Thank you