1. Iron Iron constitutes about4.60 parts of the crust of earth It is also contained in the leaves plant It is basically responsible for the red color in the blood of animals Iron ores are present in the following forms Hematite –Fe2O3 Limnonite-2Fe2 O3.3H2O Magnetite-Fe3 O4 Pyrite FeS2 Siderite-FeCO3 1

2. Haematite: red oxide of iron. Rich in iron ore.colour is iron black or steel gray.ore is available in Mysore and Madhya Pradesh. Magnetite : black oxide of iron. It is richest iron ore. it is black in colour. It is available in Chennai. Limonite: brown haematite. Colour brown, yellowish brown, or yellow. Available in Jamshedpur. 2

3. Iron pyrite: sulphide of iron. Colour is bronze yellow or pale brass yellow. This ore is widely spread almost all parts of the world. Brittle ore. So it is not adopted in the manufacture of iron. Siderite: It is carbonate of iron. Colour is pale yellow, brownish red or brownish black. Ore available in Bengal 3

4. Selection of iron ore The iron ores are taken out or extracted from earth by mining operations. The iron ore available from mines should be rich in metallic iron content. The mines for iron ores should be located at such a place that they are easily accessible and should be linked with surrounding town by suitable transport facilities. 4

5. The composition of substance associated with ore should be carefully studied. The treatment and preparation given to iron ore to make them suitable for blast furnace should be simple and cheap. 5

6. . PIG IRON- -The crude impure Iron extracted from Iron -Basic Material for manufacturing of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron and Steel. Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel such as coke, usually with limestone as a flux.intermediate productsmeltingiron orecokelimestoneflux It is the molten iron from the blast furnace, which is a large and cylinder-shaped furnace charged with iron ore, coke, and limestone. blast furnace CharcoalCharcoal and anthracite have also been used as fuel.and anthracite Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.5– 4.5%, which makes it very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applicationscarbonbrittle 6

7. Properties Hard and Brittle with fusion temp of 1200degC and melt easily. Can be hardened but cannot be tempered and manufactured. Compressive strength is high but weak in tension and shear. Does not rust but cannot be riveted or welded. 7

8. MANUFACTURING OF PIG IRON Dressing Calcination and roasting Smelting 8

9. Dressing : iron ore obtained from mines are crushed to pieces of size 25 mm.During crushing,the ore particles of uniform size are obtained. Calcination and roasting : Heating ore in presence of air so that they are oxidized. The water and carbon dioxide are removed from ores by calcination.The roasting consist of making the ores hot and very dry. 9

10. Smelting : the melting so as to separate metal from ore. Carried out in special type of furnace,known as blast furnace. It is in the form of a vertical steel cylinder. 10

11. Cast iron It is manufactured by remelting pig iron with coke and lime stone. Remelting is done in furnace. The impurities of pig iron is taken out in the molten stage from the bottom of the furnace. 11

12. Properties of cast iron Specific gravity is 7.5 It can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling, but cannot be tempered. It cannot be magnetized It does not rust easily If placed in water it becomes soft It is hard and brittle It is not ductile It shrinks on cooling 12

13. It is not plastic, hence not suitable for forging It is weak in tension and shear but strong in compression Two cast iron pieces can not be connected by process of riveting or welding It is affected by sea water. 13

14. Uses of cast iron Making water pipes, gas pipes, sewers manhole covers and sanitary fittings. Ornamental castings such as gates lamp posts spiral stair case For making parts of machinery which are not subjected to heavy shocks For making compression members like column, bases of column

15. Effect of impurities Carbon : cast iron contains 2 to 4 % of carbon. Manganese : makes cast iron brittle and hard. Phosphorus: increases fluidity of cast iron Sulphur: causes rapid solidification of cast iron it make it brittle and hard. Silicon : reduces the solubility of carbon in iron and shrinkage 15

16. Wrought iron Most pure iron and produced by removing impurities of cast iron Total impurities are limited to.5 percentage with maximum percentage of carbon as.15 percent 16

17. Manufacture of wrought iron Reverberatory furnace by Astor’s process PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT IRON  It is ductile,malleable and moderately elastic  Can be used to form temporary magnets,but cannot be magnetized permanently  Unaffected by saline water  Resist corrosion in a better way  Ultimate crushing strength is 200 N/mm^2  Ultimate tensile strength is 40 N/mm^2  Specific gravity is about 7.8  Tough and withstand shocks 17

18. Uses of wrought iron Used where tough material is required. Used for roof covering,rivets,chains,ornamental works railway couplings water and steam pipes 18

19. STEEL Most popular and effective building material Alloy of iron and carbon The steel becomes harder and tougher as its carbon goes on increasing and at the maximum level of 1.5% Suitable for construction purpose It replaces cast iron and wrought iron Equally strong in compression and tension 19

20. Carbon content- carbon increases strength but decrease ductility Presence of impurities –impurities affect the quality of steel Heat treatment processes –varies depending upon the type of treatment STEEL 20

21. Classification of steel Mild steel Medium carbon steel High carbon steel or hard steel Hot rolled steel Cold rolled steel 21

22. MILD STEEL Mild Steel is general purpose steel grade, basically used for alloying and manufacturing of fabrication of various structures. The Steel generally made of low Carbon and Silicon. The yield strength values are very low for Mild Steel, as the name suggest. Therefore it is not used for special purpose of reinforcing and heavy structure manufacturing. 22

23. Its structure is fibrous with a dark bluish colour It is tough elastic than cast iron and wrought iron It is malleable and ductile Permanent,magnetization is possible It can be easy welded riveted and forged Its specific gravity is 7.8 It is equally strong in tension compression and in shear It is difficult to harden and temper 23

24. Uses of mild steel Mild steel round bars used as steel reinforcements Mild steel tubes are used construction Sheet made of mild steel are used as roof coverings Used in manufacture of various tools machine parts and equipments 24

25. MEDIUM CARBON STEEL: Carbon content is from.25 % to.6%.used for structural steel and rail wheels HIGH CARBON STEEL Carbon content from.6 to 1.5% When carbon percentage is more than 2 it is cast iron and less than.1 it is wrought iron 25

26. HOT ROLLED STEEL Manufactured by rolling hot steel when it is in semi solid state. Temperature –90 to 1250 deg COLD ROLLED STEEL It is formed from sheets,plates of flats in rolling machines or by press breaking. Used for car bodies, railway coaches and different types of steel structures 26

27. Angle sections. Channel sections, I sections sections,flats, tubular sections,plates,round and square bars etc 27

28. STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS  Angle sections  Channel sections  Corrugated sheets  Expanded metal  T-sections  I-sections  Plates 28

29. Angle sections May be of equal leg or unequal leg Equal leg sections are available in varying sizes from size 20mm* 20mm*3mm to 200mm*200m m*25mm and corresponding weight 9N to 736N Unequal angle sections are available from 30 mm*20mm*3mm to 200mm *150mm *18mm 29

30. Angle sections 30

31. Channel sections Available in sections 100mm*45mm to 400mm*100mm Bureau of indian standard has classified the channel a junior channel,light channel,Medium channel 31

32. Channel section 32

33. Corrugated sheets Generally galvanized they are named accordingly Widely used for roof covering 33

34. Corrugated sheets 34

35. Expanded metal This form of steel is available in different shapes and sizes Used for reinforcing foundations diamond mesh like appearance is formed 35

36. T-Sections The shape of the section is that of the letter T It is designated by overall dimension and thickness Available varying from in sizes from 20mm*20mm*3mm to 150mm*150mm*10 Mainly used as members as steel roof truss and to form built up sections 36

37. T-section 37

38. I-Sections Known as rolled steel joist or beams Consist of two flanges connected by a web Designated by overall depth, width of flange and weight per meter length Available in various sizes 75mm*50mm at 61N to 600mm*210mm at 995N Thy are mainly used for beams and columns Bureau of indian standard classify Isections in to Junior beams,light beams,medium beams,wideflange beams and heavy beams and they are accordingly designated as I.S.J.B,I.S.L.B,I.S.W.B,I.S.H.B. Used for floor beams lintels and columns 38

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41. Plates Plate sections are available in thickness varying from 5mm to 50mm with the corresponding weight of 392N and 3925N They are mainly used for connecting steel beams for extension of length, to form as a tension member of steel roof truss, to form built up sections of steel 41

42. Plates 42

43. Reinforcing steel The various types of reinforcement bars are as follows Ribbed (HYSD ) bars Round bars Square bars Flat bars Ribbed mild steel bars Thermo mechanically treated bars Cold twisted deformed bars Welded wire fabrics (WWF) 43

44. Ribbed (HYSD ) bars high yield strength Deformed steel having ribs or projections in their surface They are produced by controlled cold twisting of hot rolled bars Available in sizes varying6mm to 50mm with corresponding weight 2.22Nand 154.10N They are used as reinforcement for all type of concrete work 44

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46. Round bars Available in circular cross- sections varying from 5mm to 250mm Used as reinforcement in concrete structures, steel grill work Commonly used are 5mm to 25mm dia weight 1.5N and 38N 46

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48. Square bars They are available in square section from 5mm to 250mm Used in construction of steel grill work, for windows General cross section vary from 5mm to 25mm 48

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50. Square bars They are available in square section from 5mm to 250mm Used in construction of steel grill work, for windows General cross section vary from 5mm to 25mm 50

51. Square bars 51

52. Flat bars available in suitable widths varying from 10mm to 400mm Generally available are 3mm to 40mm 52

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