2. Modern Physics

3. Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion

4. Detection Devices Geiger counter Scintillation counter Cloud chamber Bubble chamber Superheated liquid

5. Fundamental Particles Democritus introduced the word which in English translates as atom Elementary Particles The name given to protons, neutrons and electrons Today we use the term "fundamental" for the six types of quarks and the six leptons

6. Classification of Matter Hadrons: Particles made of quarks. Protons, Neutrons and their Anti-particles Leptons: Are NOT made of sub particles. Electrons are examples of Leptons Hadrons are further broken into Baryons and Mesons. ( both break down into Quarks)

7. Hadrons Hadrons break down into two groups Baryons are made of 3 Quarks Mesons made up of 2 quarks and anti-quarks ***(must add up to an integer not a fraction)

8. Leptons Leptons are fundamental particles that have no strong interactions Lepton is Greek for "light particle” electron there are heavier leptons, of which the first to be found was the muon The TAU is 12 th (quarks + leptons) fundamental building blocks of all matter.

9. Quarks Quarks are fundamental matter particles that are constituents of neutrons and protons and other hadrons Proton -- composed of two Quarks up quarks and a down quark

10. Sample Problem A Baryon may have a charge of -1/3e 0e +2/3e +4/3e Correct answer is 0e (all types of matter must have an integer charge)

11. Scale of nature Particles are classified by size and charge Forces give all matter their characteristics and properties

12. Neutrinos (type of Lepton) These particles are so small that they pass right through the Earth with interacting with a single atom!!!

13. Four fundamental interactions Force : the effect on particle due to another particle Interaction: the forces and decays which affect a given particle

14. Strong Force Quarks and Gluons have a type of charge that is NOT electromagnetic The “color” charged particles are very powerful (STRONG) Quarks are glued together with GLUONS (Nuclear Energy)

15. Weak Force The stable matter of the universe is made up of the two least massive quarks: UP and Down and the least massive Lepton, the electron ( A Hydrogen Atom) When a quark or lepton changes type (muons changing to an electron) is called a “flavor” weak interaction

16. The components of the nucleus are called nucleons. The two principle nucleons are the proton with a charge of +1e and the neutron which is uncharged. All atomic nuclei (nuclides) and their components may be represented by the symbol below. X is the name of the particle A is the mass # Z is the atomic # Chemistry Symbols

17. Isotopes Nuclei that have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers. Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

18. Nuclear Reaction Represented by a balanced nuclear equation

19. Nuclear Fission & Fusion Fission is the chain reaction splitting of an atom Fusion is the joining of light nuclei to form a heavier more stable nuclei

20. Reference Chart : Standard Model

21. Reference Chart

22. Reference Chart Equations E photon = hf = hc/wavelength E photon = E i – E f E = mc 2 All equations calculate the amount of energy in units of eV or J. The conversion is based on the energy of a single electron or mass

23. Sample Problem Calculate the energy of the photon that is emitted when a hydrogen atom changes from energy level n=3 to 2 E photon = E i – E f = (-3.40 eV) – (-1.51 eV) = - 1.89 eV

24. Sample Problem What is the Radiant energy of a beam of light whose frequency is 5.0 x 10 14 Hz E photon = hf = hc/wavelength = 6.6 x 10 -34 J*s (5.0 x 10 14 Hz) = 33 x 10 -20 J

25. Summary Atomic Particles are composed of sub- nuclear particles The nucleus is a conglomeration of Quarks which manifest as Protons and neutrons Each elementary particle has a corresponding anti-particle The fundamental source of energy is the conversion of mass into energy