1. Development Traditions Modernization and Dependency Schools

2. What are the three components of development thinking?

3. Development theories Development Strategies Development Ideologies

4. What is the relationship between the Enlightenment and Development Thinking?

5. Idea of applying reason, and empircism Ideas of progress, and universality Evolution through ‘natural’ stages Idea of modernity Idea of mastering nature Emphasis on social order The role of the state/ those with ‘scientific’ knowledge as trustees and forces for progress

6. How has post-war era influenced development thinking? What were its key premises?

7. Cold War and Marshall Plan to manage change Post-colonial states and development choices Premises: 1.Social Engineering 2.State 3.Poverty as a social pathology 4.Fear of mass society

8. Modernization School What does development entail?

9. Societies develop through evolutionary stages. Social change is unidirectional, progressive, gradual or phased (Rostow) and irreversible leading to convergence as societies become more advanced Example: Rostow’s five stages (tradition, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and finally high mass consumption)

10. Development in Mod (continued) Economies in developing contexts are qualitatively different Economic structure is like a “steel frame that cannot be changed with growth and accumulation of capital” State plays a key role in providing a ‘big push’ in order for industrialization to happen.

11. Key challenge is lack of accumulation of productive capital in modern sector due to low levels of savings. The state plays an important role in forward and backward linkages Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and can fill the gaps Integration into world economy is consistent with development

12. Values Cultures of poverty Development is a question of instilling the right values and personality types Modern cultural values traits as a commitment to rationality and science (over emotionalism and superstition), universalism, independence, and personal achievement. Modern values make it possible for people to accept risk, to act in their own self-interest, to engage in long-term planning, to honor commitments to people outside their family..etc.

13. Political Modernization Traditional societies are not becoming ‘liberal democracies’ Development is messy and can lead to social mobilization and demands of participation that traditional institutions can not absorb. Political order and state strength as pre-requisites for development

14. Main tenets of Modernization A) Ideal Types and Dualities 1) Traditional society: “ ascriptive, particularistic, an extended kinship structure with a multiplicity of functions, little spatial and social mobility, a deferential stratification system, mostly primary economic activities, a tendency toward autarky of social units, an undifferentiated political structure, with traditional elitist and hierarchical sources of authority, etc.”

15. 2) Modern society is dominated by ‘achievement; universalistic, specific, and neutral orientations; a nuclear family structure serving limited functions; a complex and highly differentiated occupational system; high rates of spatial and social mobility; a predominance of secondary economic activities and production for exchange; the institutionalization of change and self-sustained growth; highly differentiated political structures with rational legal sources of authority; and so on’

16. B)Endogenous explanation of underdevelopment society was conceptualized as an integrated self contained unit with functionally compatible roles and institutions. Hence, the institutions and patterns of action of traditional society are a cause and manifestation of underdevelopment.

17. C. Governance Political institutions and political order matter in the development process. Economic performance and viable rule are mutually reinforcing.

18. Problems With Modernization School?

19. Dependency School What are its key premises?

20. Under-development cannot be understood in isolation from the international economic order. Development is a Hobbesian drama. Value systems and cultures are not the causes of underdevelopment.

21. Tenets of Dependency School Core and periphery Development = industrialization The state is “hollowed out” due to : 1) structural dominance of the core 2) domestic dominance of the ‘lumpen- bourgeoisie’

22. How can development happen?

23. Empowerment of working classes in the periphery State’s autonomy from the local bourgeoisie De-link developing societies from the international economic system

24. What are the weaknesses of dependency school?

25. Perpetuate ideal types A-historical analysis Static view of the developing world Rise of the NICs, India, China?