1. Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
Chapter 1
Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Study of the structures of the body
Physiology
Study of the functions of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

3. Levels of Organization
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4. Chemical and Cellular Organization
Chemical level
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules
Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
Cellular level
Cell
The functional and structural unit of life
Basic and specialized functions
Specialized function requires differentiation
Stem cell anyone?
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5. Tissue Level of Organization
Cells of similar shape and specialized function
Four major tissue types
Muscle
Specialized for contracting and generating tension
Nervous
Specialized in impulse production and transmission
Connective
Specialized for connecting and supporting
Epithelial
Specialized for surface lining and exchange

6. Organs and Organ Systems
Organ level
Composed of two or more tissues that perform a common function
Organs system level
Composed of two or more organs that work to perform a common functions that is essential to survival
Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular
Human body contains 11 systems

7. The Organism
Collection of body systems working together to maintain life.
Strive to maintain an internal balance
Homeostasis
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8. Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
37 degrees C, pH
Other factors that are regulated?
The internal environment is made up of the extra cellular fluid or ECF
Cells that are isolated from the external environment can still exchange materials with the ECF

9. Homeostatic Control Systems
Network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level
Local (intrinsic) controls
Inherent, or built into a particular organ
Systemic (extrinsic) controls
Outside of an organ
Involves neural and endocrine regulation
Coordinates various organs and systems

10. Negative Feedback Loops
Maintain homeostasis by detecting a deviation from a set point and act to restore that set point
Four components of a negative feedback loop
Controlled variable
Sensor
Control center
Effector

11. Other Regulatory Mechanisms
Positive feedback loops
Continues increasing an change
Controlled variable moves in one direction
Uterine contractions
Feed forward mechanisms
Anticipate change and responds to that change before it happens