4.  Disagreement over future of Slavery  States’ rights over centralized Federal power  Breakdown in party politics  Cultural and economic differences b/w North and South

5.  Dec. 20, 1860-Feb. 1, 1861: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas  February 1, 1861: Delegates from 7 seceded states meet in Montgomery, AL and draft the Constitution of the Confederate States of America (CSA)  February 18, 1861: CSA elect Jefferson Davis of Miss. as president  April-May 1861: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas secede  7 of 8 American military colleges located in South, CSA assembles army  North has naval superiority  April 1861: Confederate forces fire on U.S. Fort Sumter in S. Carolina  Union sends ships to blockade southern ports on Atlantic Ocean, gun boats down the Mississippi River to divide the South in two

7.  Battle of Bull Run: USA begins well, but CSA pulls out win  Lincoln realizes USA needs a better trained army  1862: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant sends USA ships down Tennessee and Cumberland rivers splitting Kentucky and W. Tenn. from rest of South  Battle of Antietam: Union victory in Virginia, bloodiest day in US history  British decide to wait and see whether to recognize the CSA as a nation-state  Vicksburg: fighting lasted for two months, last CSA port on Miss. R. falls  Gettysburg: CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee moves into Pennsylvania after CSA victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville  Pickett’s Charge: 7,000 CSA troops die in half an hour, Union defenses hold  British decide not to recognize the CSA  US Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman begins “March to the Sea” through GA  Pillages, scorched earth tactics, destroys railroads, warehouses, mills, and factories

9.  Before war, Democrats oppose ending slavery, Republicans divided  As death toll rises, North begins to favor ending slavery to punish South  September 22, 1862: Lincoln issues proclamation saying all slaves in states at war with the Union to be freed after January 1, 1863  War now seen not as war to preserve Union, but as war of liberation

10.  April 9, 1865: CSA Gen. Lee surrenders Appomattox Court House, VA  U.S. Grant promises USA will not prosecute CSA soldiers  Allows CSA soldiers to return home in peace  April 14, 1865: President Lincoln assassinated, shot by actor John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C.  Civil War referred to as first modern war  Civilian army fights majority of war, not professional soldiers  Cone shaped bullets allow for more accuracy  Trenches and barricades protect soldiers  War of Attrition: wear down the other side  Modern war + old tactics/strategies= much blood/death

11.  Reconstruction: plan to readmit Southern states into the Union  Lincoln Plan: general amnesty to Southerners who take loyalty oath, some government officials and military officers not included  Radical Republican Plan: divides South into five military districts, gets rid of Lincoln Plan now favored by President Andrew Johnson  When President Johnson removed Sec. of War without Senate approval, the Senate shows its displeasure with Johnson by impeaching him  Reconstruction Amendments:  Amendment XIII: Bans slavery in United States  Amendment XIV: All people born in the USA are citizens  Amendment XV: Male citizens of USA cannot be denied right to vote for race, prior slavery

12.  1870: All former CSA states readmitted to USA  The Freedman’s Bureau helps former slaves  Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to south to make money or run gov.  Scalawags: Southerners who worked with Northern Republicans in South  Republicans elected across the South, many African-Americans elected  1869: U.S. Grant elected president  1870s: Democrats begin to regain power in South  1876 Presidential Election too close to call, some votes questioned  Compromise of 1877: Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes given victory in exchange for pull out of federal troops from South  After Reconstruction, extreme white supremacist groups terrorize the South trying to “restore racial order”, Democrats pass “Black Codes” to weaken rights of African-American citizens.