1. Computer Science 210 Computer Organization Strings in C

2. Representing Strings printf("Hi Ken!\n"); '\n''!''n''e''K'' 'i''H'nul A string is a set of ASCII values that inhabit a sequence of bytes A string should always end in a nul character (ASCII 0) Many string functions use nul as a sentinel

3. The String “Type” and Variables char *greeting = "Hi Ken!\n"; printf("%s", greeting); '\n''!''n''e''K'' 'i''H'nul The pointer to a char named greeting holds the address of the first byte The standard string processing functions view strings as of type char* greeting

4. The String “Type” and Variables char *greeting = "Hi Ken!\n"; printf("%s", greeting); '\n''!''n''e''K'' 'i''H'nul greeting GREETING.STRINGz "Hi Ken!\n" LEA R0, GREETING PUTS

5. View a String as an Array of char char *greeting = "Hi Ken!\n"; int i = 0; for (; greeting[i] != 0; i++) putchar(greeting[i]); '\n''!''n''e''K'' 'i''H'nul A string looks like an array in memory So, we can use an index to access or modify a character in any cell greeting

6. The string Library and strlen #include char *greeting = "Hi Ken!\n"; int i = 0; for (; i < strlen(greeting); i++) putchar(greeting[i]); '\n''!''n''e''K'' 'i''H'nul The string library includes several common string functions (length, concatenation, comparison, etc.) strlen is O(n), because it searches for the nul character greeting

7. The string Library FunctionWhat it does int strlen(char *str) Returns the number of characters in the string, not including the nul character. strcmp(char *str1, char *str2) Returns 0 if str1 equals str2, a negative integer if str1 str2. strcat(char *str1, char *str2) Adds the characters in str2 to the end of str1, overwriting its nul character. strcpy (char *str1, char *str2) Copies the characters of str2 into the storage of str1. There must be enough storage! You can pass either a char* or a char array to these functions

8. The ctype Library #include char *greeting = "Hi Ken!\n"; int i = 0; for (; i < strlen(greeting); i++) greeting[i] = toupper(greeting[i]); '\n''!''N''E''K'' 'I''H'nul greeting The ctype library includes several common character functions (test for letter or digit, convert to uppercase, etc.)

9. String Input with scanf #include int main(){ char name[20]; printf("Enter your first name: "); scanf("%s", name); printf("%s\n", name); } scanf stops at the first whitespace character and adds a nul character (works for one-word inputs) Must pass scanf the storage, usually an array of char

10. String Input with gets #include int main(){ char name[20]; printf("Enter your first name: "); gets(name); printf("%s\n", name); } gets stops at the first newline character, which is not included, and adds a nul character (works for multi-word inputs) Must pass gets the storage, usually an array of char

11. Other Points about Strings Can be the element type of an array Can be the type of a field in a struct

12. Example: The Argument Vector The argument vector is an array of strings that are gathered up when a C program is run at the command prompt The first string is the name of the command The remaining strings are the arguments, if any The argument vector and its length are optional formal parameters of the main function

13. Print the Command Line Arguments /* Prints contents of the argument vector (the name of the program and any command-line arguments). */ #include int main(int length, char *argVec[]){ int i; for (i = 0; i < length; i++) printf("Argument %d: %s\n", i, argVec[i]); }