1. 20-Jan-2010electrical, computer and energy engineering Environmental Engineering Linking Mathematics and Chemistry to Engineering Dr. Abbazadegan Graduate Students: Lauren McBurnett and Otto Schwake

2. Engineering Grand Challenges

3. DRINKING WATER SOURCES FOR PHOENIX: THE SALT RIVER Salt River Saguaro Lake Salt River Project (SRP) Canal

4. Drinking Water Sources for Phoenix: Colorado River Central AZ Project (CAP) Canals Lake Pleasant Agua Fria River

5. Coagulation/Flocculation/ Sedimentation n Formation of floc (precipitate) which attaches to pollutants and removes them as they settle

6. n Chemical reaction used to destroy harmful microorganisms Disinfection Ultraviolet Lamps (UV) Ozonation

7. Calculating Chlorine Demand n Bleach (NaClO) –Na=23.0 g/mol –Cl=35.5 g/mol –O=16.0 g/mol n Density of bleach = 1.11 g/ml n Need 2 mg/L Cl

8. Calculating Chlorine Demand

9. Advanced Treatment Pipe Scale Algae Additional treatment for removal of specific chemicals (pharmaceuticals), pH adjustment, softening, and/or removal of odor or color causing compounds

10. What is turbidity?

11. n Measure of cloudiness caused by suspended particles n Turbidity is the measurement of how much light can travel through water with scattered living or nonliving particles in the water n Usually measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) n Water with high turbidity is murky and dark, and is unhealthy to aquatic life n Low turbid water is more transparent and is healthier for aquatic life

12. Why is turbid water a problem? n Excessive turbidity in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing, and may also represent a health concern n Turbidity can provide food and shelter for microbes –By reducing their exposure to attack by disinfectants n If not removed, turbidity can promote growth of microbes in the distribution system –Leads to waterborne disease outbreaks which have caused significant cases of gastroenteritis throughout the United States and the world n Although turbidity is not a direct indicator of health risk, numerous studies show a strong relationship between removal of turbidity and removal of protozoa

13. What is pH n The pH of a liquid is a measure of its acidity or basicity n Mathematically, pH = - log[H+], where [H+] = concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/liter n A pH of 7 is considered neutral n Liquids with pH less than 7 are acidic and greater than 7 are neutral n A scale of pH values and common liquids is provided

14. pH Scale

15. Alkalinity n A measure of a liquid’s capacity to neutralize acids –Buffer against changes in pH when an acid is added n Important in determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall, industry, or wastewater n Influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges

16. Hardness n Sum of the multivalent cations in a water –Positively charged ions n The majority water hardness is due to calcium and magnesium ions –Cause scaling in water pipes

17. Hardness n Harder waters make it is more difficult to form suds with soap n Soft waters tend to feel “slimy”

18. Dissolved Oxygen n Dissolved oxygen (DO) –The amount of oxygen dissolved in a liquid n Oxygen concentration in water is important to fish and other aquatic life

19. Dissolved Oxygen n Insufficiently treated wastewater released into a body of water can decrease DO concentration n Nitrogen and phosphorous runoff from fertilizers or from wastewater can cause eutrophication in bodies of water –Leads to decreased DO as plants decompose

20. Eutrophication n Hypertrophication is the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. –Such as nitrates and phosphates n “Bloom" of phytoplankton in a water body as a response to increased levels of nutrients n Negative environmental effects include hypoxia –Depletion of oxygen in the water which causes a reductions in specific fish and other animals

21. Conductivity n Used to measure the ionic content in a solution n In many cases, conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (TDS)

22. Total Solids Dissolved particles (TDS) Suspended particles (TSS) Total Solids (TS) = Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) + Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Solids

23. Salinity Classifications Fresh Water<1,000 mg/L Brackish Water>1,000 - 25,000 mg/L Seawater>25,000 mg/L United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) TDS is a secondary standard < 500 mg/L Excessive TDS can be harmful to plant life

24. Nitrogen Cycle n The process by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms n This transformation can be carried out through –Biological processes –Physical processes n Fixation n Ammonification n Nitrification n Denitrification

26. Carbon Cycle

27. DAY 2 Review Lesson with Lauren and Otto at the school visit 27

28. DAY 3 Have fun at ASU 28

29. At ASU n The students will be provided with several unknown water sources n The students will then design an experiment using water quality parameters to identify and distinguish between the “unknown” water sources

30. At ASU n Water Quality Parameters which the students will have at their disposal are: –Nitrate –Nitrite –Bromide –Chlorine –Iron –Copper –pH –Conductivity –Turbidity –Ammonium –Ammonia