1. Chapter 3 Lexicon
Word
The formation of word
Lexical change

2. 1. Word 1.1 three senses of “word” 1.2 identification of words
1.3 classification of words

3. 1.1 Three senses of “word”
A physical definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pause or blank
The common factor underlying a set of forms
A grammatical unit

4. 1.2 identification of words
Stability
Relative uninterruptibility
A minimum free form

5. 1.3 classification of words
Variable vs. invariable words
Grammatical words vs. lexical words
Closed-class words vs. open-class words
Word classes

6. 2. The formation of word
Morphology：is a branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
The two fields (p88)
Inflectional morphology: the study of inflections
Derivational morphology: the study of word-formation

7. 2.1 Morpheme The minimal unit of meaning
Morpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit.

8. 2.2 Types of morphemes morpheme free: free root bound bound root root
affix inflectional
derivational prefix
suffix

9. Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves
Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words

10. Inflectional morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
e.g. workers, children; walking, walked; biggest ; John’s
Derivational morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to create new words. There are three kinds according to position: prefix, suffix and infix.
prefix: change meaning dis-; un-; mis-
suffix: change part of speech -ly; -ness; -tion
infix: some languages also have infixes, affix morphemes that are inserted into root or stem morphemes to divide them into two parts.

11. 2.3 Morpheme and honeme
A morpheme is a linguistic abstraction; it is a concept. It needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographic forms. Those forms are called morphs.
In morphemic transcription, morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces like / /.
Allomorph: A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. The variant forms of the same morpheme are called its allomorphs.

12. 3.1 Lexical change proper Major ways to create new words: Compounding
Derivation
Blending
Abbreviation
Clipping
Acronym
Back-formation
Borrowing
Coinage

13. Compounding: a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
blackboard
godfather
baby-sit
cross-cultural

14. Derivation: the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words.
Finalize
Widen
Hospitalize
Clockwise

15. Blending : a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.
Smog (smoke + fog);
Brunch (breakfast + lunch);
Smaze (smog + haze);
Telecast (television + broadcast);
Motel (motor + hotel).

16. Abbreviation: a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.
TV(television)
Dr(doctor)
hr(hour)
ft(foot or feet)

17. clipping: a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrases
telephone---phone
memorandum---memo
electronic mail---
high fidelity---hi-fi

18. Acronym: a word created by combining the initial letters of a number of words.
UNESCO APEC Sars CD laser
radar (radio detecting and ranging)
Cf. Initialism: VOA BBC WTO

19. Back-formation: a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.
televise (from television)
donate (from donation)
enthuse (from enthusiasm)

20. Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages
Loanwords: encore, coup d’etat
Loanblend: Chinatown
Loanshift: bridge (card game)
Loan translation: almighty (from Latin omnipotens)

21. Coinage : the invention of a new word
Kodak
Coke
nylon
Xeros frigidaire

22. 3.2 Phonological change Changes in sounds lead to changes in form
(1)vowel sound change: Great Vowel Shift in history
(2)sound loss
(3)sound addition
(4)metathesis

23. 3.3 Morpho-syntactical change
Morphological change
Thou, ye  you
Thy  your
’s form  “of phrase”
Syntactical change
I love the not, therefore pursue me not.
Ever and anon + now and then  every now and then

24. 3.4 Semantic change The change of meaning of a word Broadening
Narrowing
Meaning shift: a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.
Class shift (conversion):
Elevation and degradation

25. Homework Self-study guide Questions and Exercises 1,2,3,5,13
Further reading
Adams,V An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation.
Dai Wei-dong, A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English Chapter 3 Morphology