1. A simpler way to do a Dihybrid Cross or beyond...
how to avoid making anything larger than a simple Punnett square for any genetics problem.

2. Mendelian genetics reflect the laws of probability
Mendel's laws are basically real-life applications of the rules of probability that apply to a coin toss, rolling a dice, or drawing from a deck of cards

3. Rule of multiplication: Segregation of the alleles into gametes is like a coin toss (heads or tails = equal probability). In the case of two CF carriers (Cc), the probability of the egg having the CF allele (c) is 1/2 and the sperm having the (c) allele is 1/2:
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 chance of having child with CF (cc).
(note that you didn't need to do a Punnitt square to figure this out)

4. For a dihybrid cross - the chance that 2 independent events will occur together is the product of their chances of occuring separately.

5. The chance of yellow (YY or Yy) seeds= 3/4 (the dominant trait)The chance of round (RR or Rr) seeds = 3/4 (the dominant trait)The chance of green (yy) seeds= 1/4 (the recessive trait)The chance of wrinkled (rr) seeds= 1/4 (the recessive trait)  So... The chance of yellow and round= 3/4 x 3/4 = 9/16The chance of yellow and wrinkled= 3/4 x 1/4 = 3/16The chance of green and round= 1/4 x 3/4 = 3/16The chance of green and wrinkled= 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16

6. Sound familiar. And no Punnett square needed (whew)
Sound familiar? And no Punnett square needed (whew). Therefore, you can avoid doing a Punnett square if you can reduce the problem to a series of probability statements.

7. With a tri-hybrid cross, you can avoid a huge Punnett square with 64 boxes:
The chance of yellow (YY or Yy) seeds = 3/4 (the dominant trait)The chance of round (RR or Rr) seeds= 3/4 (the dominant trait)The chance of purple (PP or Pp) flowers= 3/4 (the dominant trait)The chance of green (yy) seeds= 1/4 (the recessive trait)The chance of wrinkled (rr)seeds= 1/4 (the recessive trait) The chance of white (pp) flowers= 1/4 (the recessive trait)

8. Try this problem:
You have freckles, dimples, and a widow's peak. Your S.O. has freckles and dimples, but a continuous hairline. In other words,
 You  Your S.O. FfDdWw x FfDdWwQuestion: What is the chance your darling child would have all three recessive phenotypes: no freckles (ff), no dimples (dd) or a continuous hairline (ww)?
Hint: do three quick Punnett squares for each single trait. Take the proportions of the recessives and multiply away...!

9. But what if:
 You  Your S.O. FfDdWw x FfddwwQuestion: What is the chance your darling child would have all three recessive phenotypes: no freckles (ff), no dimples (dd) or a continuous hairline (ww)?