1. EXERCISE SCIENCE TREATMENT OF AN INJURY p. 73 - 79 Signs of an injury First aid treatment THE SHOULDER JOINT THE KNEE JOINT THE ANKLE JOINT

2. TREATMENT OF AN INJURY Signs of an injury: SHARP Swelling Heat Altered appearance and function Red in colour Painful

3. TREATMENT OF AN INJURY First aid treatment immediately following an injury: PIER principle Pressure – applied with ice; left on 10 – 20 min, similar break time; repeat Ice – avoid heat during initial days of an injury (will promote swelling) Elevation during icing to help reduce swelling Restricted (rested) using tensors and slings

4. THE SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint – classified as synovial ball- and-socket joint the instability of this joint is what permits its excellent mobility the joint is held together by several ligaments and the tendon of the biceps brachii which helps to support the joint anteriorly very susceptible to injuries from overuse and from heavy physical contact

5. THE SHOULDER JOINT Biceps Tendinitis overuse injury from overworking or overloading the joint (not enough rest given) symptoms: pain on proximal end of the biceps (pain during shoulder or elbow flexion)

6. THE SHOULDER JOINT Shoulder Separation occurs at the acromioclavicular joint (tearing of the acromioclavicular ligament) x-rays are used to determine the severity of the tear injury results from contact with another player or fall on the shoulder 3 rd degree tears may require surgery; recovery accelerated with physio

7. THE SHOULDER JOINT Shoulder Dislocation results when the head of the humerus pops out of the glenoid fossa this injury results from a hit or fall (tears to the glenohumeral ligament and joint capsule) attempts to relocate the shoulder may results in permanent damage to numerous vital nerves and blood vessels should only be attempted by qualified personnel surgery may be required for third-degree dislocations

8. THE SHOULDER JOINT Rotator Cuff Tears 4 rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis tears may occur to one or all four of the muscles; 3 of the muscles share a common tendon attachment causes difficulty and pain when abducting and laterally or medially rotating the shoulder apply PIER principle to speed up diagnosis and healing

9. THE KNEE JOINT This joint is the articulation of the tibia and femur (not fibula) originally classified as synovial (modified hinge), but now classified as a modified ellipsoid joint because it is now known to slightly rotate medially and laterally

10. THE KNEE JOINT Knee Ligament Tears the most common tears result from blows to the lateral side of the knee, which results in damage to the medial side the first tissue to tear is the joint capsule, and if severe enough, will damage the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament, as well

11. THE KNEE JOINT Knee Ligament Tears women are more susceptible to ACL tears and other knee injuries because of their wider Q- angle (quadriceps angle) the Q-angle is formed in the frontal plane; a line is drawn from: the centre of the patella to the anterior superior iliac spine the other is from the tibial tuberosity to the centre of the patella extending up the thigh

12. THE KNEE JOINT Knee Ligament Tears the width of the pelvis determines the size of the Q angle the greater angle in women, causes forces to the concentrated on the ligament each time the knee twists proper stretching and strengthening will decrease the chance of injury

13. THE KNEE JOINT OSGOOD-SCHLATTER Syndrome What is it? What causes it? a result of osteochondritis (a disease of the ossification centres in the bones of young children) growing pains for the child in growing child, the growth plates of the tibial tuberosities can become irritated or inflamed if overloaded or overused

14. THE KNEE JOINT OSGOOD-SCHLATTER SYNDROME What tissues are affected? Who does it affect? more prevalent in males running & jumping stresses the patellar tendon and ligament, causing inflammation of the cartilage layer in that growth plate

15. THE KNEE JOINT OSGOOD-SCHLATTER SYNDROME Future implications & treatment does not affect growth of child or damage epiphyseal plate must be diagnosed by physician follow PIER

16. THE KNEE JOINT PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) What is it? What causes it? gradual onset of anterior knee pain or pain around the patella the pain is a result of increased or misdirected forces between the patella and femur aggravated by sports (running, VB, BB...)

17. THE KNEE JOINT PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) What tissues are affected? Who does it affect? usually affects adolescents or young adults, more often women debate/lack of concensus on factors overuse, overloading, and misuse of patellofemoral jt. are agreed (researchers)

18. THE KNEE JOINT PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME (PFS) Future implications & treatment treat with PIER if pain persists, seek medical care

19. THE ANKLE JOINT classified as modified hinge comprised of tibia, fibula and talus

20. THE ANKLE JOINT Inversion sprains inversion sprains are common injuries (rolling over on ankle) ankle is weakest when plantar flexed; thus when you jump and land hard to change direction, the ankle plantar flexes with great force this injury can affect one or all of the lateral ligaments of ankle the severity of the sprain dictates the amount of time needed for healing surgery is rare (even in 3 rd degree) sprains described as low or high; high involve damage to one or both anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments apply PIER

21. THE ANKLE JOINT Eversion sprains rare; a very strong deltoid ligament attaches the medial malleolus to 3 bones of the foot, causing tip of medial malleolus to tear off Pott’s Fracture – most severe eversion injury – the tip of the medial malleolus is broken, as is the fibula Cause: a force on the medial side of ankle, causing deltoid ligament to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus and a break of the fibula Treatment: case 8 to 12 weeks, then intense physio Future implications: not career-ending; won’t break in same spot again; care and rehabilitation should be adhered to in order to prevent future weakness