1. ENSO AND GLACIER RETREAT 8 TH GRADE MATH ACADEMIC NIGHT ELISA JIMENEZ, MARTINA PLATONOFF, MARTIN CHAVEZ, MATTHIAS BRITO

2. INTRODUCTION DO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHEN THE NEXT “EL NIÑO” OR “LA NIÑA” PHENOMENON IS COMING?

3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to to the effect of sea surface temperature which sometimes are cold and sometimes are warm. ENSO hits the western cost of South America. El Niño refers to the warm phase and La Niña refers to the cold phase. El Niño has high air surface pressure in the Western Pacific. La Niña has a low air surface temperature in the Western Pacific.

4. HOW CAN WE PREVENT DISASTERS FROM ENSO? Scientists cannot fully determine when the next El Niño or La Niña phenomenon is going to happen. So there isn’t so much to prevent the next ENSO disaster. Some things to prevent your house from flooding is building it at higher altitudes and as farthest apart from the beach.

5. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT GLACIER RETREAT We will use Antisana’s Glacier 15 as a reference. Glacier retreat is a big problem in Ecuador. The main problem is that every 10 years the glaciers melt at an accelerated pace. For example between the years 1996-2004 the glaciers retreated 1.71 m per month! In 1956 -1996 glaciers in 1 month melted 0.38 m. But when La Niña Phenomenon occurred the glaciers mass increased, but only through the years 1995-1997 and 1998-2001. Another interesting fact is that in 48 years 22% of the glaciers has been lost.

6. OUR LAB What are the possible consequences of ENSO or the Retreat of the Glaciers in Antisana? We gathered our data from the sea surface temperature of Galapagos for determining if the next ENSO phenomemon is coming. The equation was y=0.50x+20 Then we looked sea surface temperatures of galapagos from the last 5 years to see if the temperatures meant something. The equation was y=0.473x+21.387 An finally we looked at the glacier retreat of Antisana’s Glacier 15 (From 200-2004) The equation was the following y=-16804x+379019

7. TABLE ABOUT GALAPAGOS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES FROM THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER TO MARCH

8. GRAPH ABOUT GALAPAGOS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR THE MONTHS OF SEPTEMBER TO MARCH X= number of month, (From September-March) Y= Average Sea Surface Temp. Slope= 0.50 Y-Intercept=20.5

9. CALCULATIONS

10. TABLE ABOUT GALAPAGOS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR THE YEARS 2010-2014

11. GRAPH ABOUT GALAPAGOS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES FOR THE YEARS OF 2010-2014 X=Number of Year(Starting with 2010) Y=Average Temperature Slope=0.473 Y-Intercept=21.387

12. TABLE ABOUT ANTISANA’S GLACIER 15 RETREAT

13. GRAPH ABOUT ANTISANA’S GLACIER 15 RETREAT X=Number of Years (Starting with 2000) Y=Area (m2) Slope=-16804 Y-Intercept=379019

14. CONCLUSION I think that after seeing all these results and facts Ecuador really needs to make a plan to prevent the people from losing their most beloved things because of ENSO. They need to be prepared. And about Antisana, I think the government needs to start making more campaigns about how can people take care of our environment and don’t pollute. And then maybe the glaciers may stay the same. Thanks to this lab we have seen that Antisana’s Galcier 15

15. SOURCES APA FORMAT: 1.What Are the Causes and Effects of ENSO? | NASA Wavelength Digital Library. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nasawavelength.org/resource/nw-000-000-003-409 http://nasawavelength.org/resource/nw-000-000-003-409 2.Ecuador: Climate Change Threatens Antisana's Glacier | Pulitzer Center. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/ecuador-environment- climate-change-quito-antisana-ice-cap-glacier-water- source http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/ecuador-environment- climate-change-quito-antisana-ice-cap-glacier-water- source 3. What are El Niño and La Niña events? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/ln-2010- 12/ENSO-what.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/ln-2010- 12/ENSO-what.shtml

16. IMAGE SOURCES 1. Glacier-fed river systems threatened by climate change – University of Copenhagen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.science.ku.dk/english/press/news/2012/glacier_fe ed_system/

17. THANKS FOR WATCHING!!