1. ENSO AND ANTISANA’S GLACIER 15 RETREAT ANNALY IZURIETA ALEGRIA ITURRALDE ANDREA FERNANDEZ ANA BELEN JARAMILLO Eight Grade Math. Academic Night 2014-2015

2. DID YOU KNOW… In 48 years almost 22% of the Antisana’s glacier was lost due to ENSO?

3. ABOUT ENSO What is ENSO  ENSO or El Niño Southern Oscillation are the occasional warming of surface waters in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. El Niño Circulation  The easterly trade winds push warm water toward the western Pacific giving that area the warmest ocean temperatures. The warm waters rise to the surface. Effects of El Niño  Some of the effects of El Niño can be in weather, in global warming, upwelling along South American coast, heavier storms in certain places and atmospheric changes.

4. ANTISANA´S GLACIER RETREAT In Antisana there is a glacier, Glacier 15 which is used as reference to see the retreats in Ecuador. The ablation (reduction of mass) of glacier 15 is directly related to ENSO. From 1956 – 1996 the glacier retreated 0.38m per month (4.56 per year) and from 1996 – 2004 the glaciers have retreated even more, 1.71m per month (20.52 per year) In 48 years, 22% of the galcier has been lost. There is a direct relation (linear) between Enso and the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the eastern Pacific and glacier ablation in the Ecuadorian cordillera.

5. ABOUT ¨EL NIÑO¨ CURRENTS El Niño or The Christ child is a time period were the ocean temperatures increases.  El Niño occurs every three to seven years.  The most recent occurrence of ¨El Niño¨ was from late September 2006 to early 2007.  Because in El Niño the large pool of warm water is pushed towards the western Pacific, the atmosphere above the ocean is heated.

6. ABOUT OUR LAB Research question Does ENSO have an effect on the glaciers of the Andes? Lab For this lab we researched the average ocean temperatures in Galapagos from September to March and about the glaciers retreat. With this we made graphs and tables to see their corelation. Steps we had to follow to do our math lab Galapagos Temps 1..We gathered all the ocean temperatures in Galapagos from September until March. 2.With the averages of each month we did a table and a graph in excel. 3.Then our teacher gave us the average temperatures for the last 4 years to compare. Glacier Retreat 1.We copied a chart given to us by our teacher and a graph to show the retreat of the glaciers.

7. Average Sea Surface Temperatures for the Galapagos Southern Islands 2014- 2015 Month#of MonthAvg. Temps September 121.47 October 222.08 November 323.52 December 423.54 January 524.43 Febuary 625.49 March 726.79 AVERAGE TEMPREATURES FROM SEPTEMEBER TO MARCH Equation. y=0.8461x+20.619 X= months Y= avg. temps

8. Calculations

9. AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FROM 2010-2014 Average Sea Surface Temperature (SST) for the Galápagos Southern Islands 2010-2014 Year# of YearAvg Temp (C°) 2010 021.5 2011 1 22.76 2012 2 23.17 2013 3 22.71 2014 4 23.89 Equation: y=0.473x+21.86 x= years in 2010 y= avg. temperature

10. ANSTISANA´S GLACIER RETREAT Antisana´s Glacier 15 Retreat Year# of YearArea (m 2 ) 20000365,464 20011346,139 20022322,614 20033308,616 20044300,207 Equation. y=-16804x+362215 x= years since 2000 y= area of glacier

11. CONCLUSIONS From this experiment we realized the temperatures from the Galapagos have a corelation with the retreat of the glaciers. As the temperature of the ocean increase, the glacier´s mass decreases. In 2020 we will see that the temperature will increase dramatically and the glacier´s mass will decrease amazingly. Average Temperature in the year 2020: y=0.473(10)+21.387 4.73+21.387 26.117°C Antisana´s Glaciers Retreat in 2020: y=-16804(20)+362215 -336080+362215 26135m 2

12. SUGGESTIONS There should be controls or measurements of temperatures in the ocean everyday so scientist be able to study the patterns and look for unusual temperatures. This is for scientist can warn people. By warning people everyone can take precautions with their houses, crops or other important belongings that could be endangered. Another way we can prevent from having such a big impact in the ENSO currents is that we should reduce trash, consume less water and be more cautious about our planet Earth.

13. PREVENTING ENSO  There is nothing we can do to prevent ENSO of coming, but there are certain measurements to predict and be ready to face it.  Scientist are trying to find ways to predict when will El Niño and La Niña come, until now they have found three measurements of ENSO: 1.Sea level measurements 2.Upwelling measurements 3.Ocean-based measurements

14. APA CITATION -National Climatic Data Center. 2000. Climate 1998 annual review: Annual U.S. national overview. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration retrieved from (NOAA) website. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/research/1998/ann/ us_annual.ht mlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/research/1998/ann/ -Wilford, J. N. 2000. North Pole visitors find no ice. New York Times, August 19: 4A. -Caceres, B. (2002, June 10). EL GLACIAR 15 DEL ANTISANA. DIEZ AÑOS DE INVESTIGACIONES GALCIOLOGICAS. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from http://mri.scnatweb.ch/en/content/publications/non-mri- publications/1588-el-glaciar-15-del-antisana-diez-anos-de-investigaciones- glaciologicas-1/filehttp://mri.scnatweb.ch/en/content/publications/non-mri- publications/1588-el-glaciar-15-del-antisana-diez-anos-de-investigaciones- glaciologicas-1/file - Other information was given by Moni

15. IMAGES, ENSO EFFECT

16. IMAGES, RETREAT OF THE GLACIERS