1. Review: World Geography

2. Latitude and Longitude Lines of Latitude are parallel with the equator. They run east to west and divide the earth into the Northern and Western Hemispheres. Lines of Longitude measure the distance East and West of the Prime Meridian. The lines run north and south around the globe.

3. Hinduism Location: India Polytheistic Beliefs: Reincarnation, Karma, Caste System. One of the oldest religions. Most widely practices polytheistic religion. – No red meat.

4. Islam Location: Middle East and North Africa – These areas were once part of the Muslim Empire. Islamic religion and culture still remains. – Islam impacts daily life. Government laws and education are based on religious law. Founder: Muhammad Holy Sites: Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem 5 Pillars

5. Buddhism Buddhism has influenced culture in China, Japan, and the Koreas along with other countries in East Asia. Nontheistic Founder: Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha means “the enlightened one”

6. Christianity Location: North and South America, Europe Monotheistic Beliefs: Jesus Christ is the Son of God, Bible=holy text, Jerusalem=holy city – Jesus was crucified here. Father Abraham was a prophet. (Islam and Judaism share this belief)

7. Judaism Oldest of the major monotheistic religions. – Jerusalem=Holy Site – Founded in the Middle East – Prophets: Moses, Abraham – Religious text: Torah

8. Habitat Destruction Deforestation: Where? Many places. We studied deforestation in Europe. Overpopulation adds to the use of resources like timber and land for farming. Desertification: Expanding of the desert. Where? Sahel in Africa. Usually semi-arid regions near deserts. – Sahel: narrowband of grassland South of the Sahara Desert. Acid rain: Causes by industrial pollution. Impacts areas in Europe and Russia.

9. Africa River: Nile – Flows NORTH into the MEDITERANEAN SEA – Longest river in the world North Africa Resources: OIL has really shaped the economy of North African Countries. Colonialism: European countries took over Africa and divided the continent for themselves (Berlin Conference) – This lead to political violence and ethnic conflict (Think about Hotel Rwanda)

10. Africa (cont.) Lake: Lake Victoria – Largest – Bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya. – Nile flows North out of this lake. Mountain: Mt. Kilimanjaro Climate: Desert (North Africa and Somalia)

11. Apartheid Location: South Africa Meaning: “separateness” Whites and Africans were COMPLETELY separated in South Africa as a result of Colonialism Separate land. Africans were limited to small land reservations and were not allowed to come into “white land” without a pass. Nelson Mandela civil rights leader against the Apartheid. – First black president

12. Australia: Aboriginal People The original inhabitants of Australia. – 40,000 years the Aborigines lived in Australia without outside influences. Relationship with nature really important Spoke many different languages Great Britain colonized Australia – They forced their culture and language on the people of Australia. – 1970’s laws were passed against speaking Aborigines language.

13. Ring of Fire

14. Latin America Mountain Range: Andes Amazon Rainforest: Northern Brazil Europe, Native American, and African influences have reached areas in the Caribbean and South America. – Central America has been influenced by Mayan and other earlier Native America empires until Spain conquered the region.

15. Calypso and Reggae As a result of the mix heritage music like calypso and reggae were created in islands in the Caribbean.

16. Oceania Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia.

17. North America United States: Tropical Wet and Dry, Tropical Wet, Humid Subtropical, Desert. Canada: Tundra NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement (includes Mexico, Canada, and the US) Capital of Canada: Ottawa, Ontario

18. New England

19. Agriculture in North America Located between three oceans (Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific) means there are many coastal regions that are great for trade. Fresh water sources like the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes supply water to crops and contributes to the fertile land. Rivers are used for navigation, supply alluvial soils and estuaries, and promote trade in the continent

20. Europe Longest River: Volga Wealthy Region: Western (see deforestation) Polder: Land reclaimed from the sea by building of dikes. Used for agriculture regions and to increase a country’s area.

21. Asia Buddhism: China, Koreas, Japan Hinduism: India Most people have settled near Eastern Asia. People settle near water sources and coastal regions because of climate, agriculture, and access to trade.

22. Antarctica 12 countries had claim to Antarctica. The international community wanted the continent to be open to research and avoid war between the countries claiming territory. – Signed in Washington DC – 1959 – Today it has 48 signatures. – Prohibited military bases and testing

23. Need to know: Latin America Nicaragua Peru Cuba Mexico Brazil Africa and Eurasia India Japan South Africa Egypt Saudi Arabia Australia Russia Japan England France