1. Lecture 30 sampling and field workBy
Aziza Munir

2. Learning Objectives Sampling design and sampling procedures
Sampling terminology
What is sample?
Practical sampling concepts
Random sampling and non sampling error
What should be appropriate sampling design?

3. Sampling
The process of using a small number of items or parts of large population to make conclusions about the whole population Although sampling has a common place in daily activities, but most of these familiar concepts are not scientific in nature. The understanding of the concept might be intuitive, but actually it has a complex procedure and central importance in business research and data collection, which requires in depth examination

4. Sampling Terminology Sample:
The process of sampling involves any procedure using a small number of items or parts of the whole population to make conclusions regarding the whole population. A sample is a subset or some part of a larger population.
Population:
Population or universe is a complete group of entities, sharing some common set of characteristics

5. Population Element:
An individual member of a specific population
Census:
An investigation of all the individual elements making up a population. A total enumeration rather than a sample

6. Why Sample? Pragmatic Reason: Cost constraints Time restriction
Labor limitations
Accurate and reliable results
Destruction of test results
To reduce the number of destructions if conducted on perishables or destroyable items

7. Practical Sampling Concepts
Define the target population
Select Sampling frame
Select amongst probability and non probability sample
Select sampling units
Determine sample size
Select Actual Sampling Units
Conduct Field Work

8. Define Target Population
The specific complete group relevant to the research project
Comic book example

9. Sampling Frame
A list of elements from which a sample may be drawn, also called working population
A list which can be worked operationally
Maps and Ariel photographs maybe taken as sample frame if actual access is not possible

10. Mailing List
A list providing all names, addresses, and contact numbers of specific population
Catalog
Reverse Directory:
A directory similar to a telephone directory in which listings may be found by city and street addresses and contact numbers rather than in alphabetical order
Exists in multiple formats
Provide demographic data
Compiled by a researcher

11. Sampling Frame Error
Error that occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or available and are not represented in the sampling frame

12. Sampling Units
A single element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample
Primary sampling Unit
A unit selected in the first stage of sampling
Secondary Sampling Unit
A unit selected in the second stage of sampling

13. Random Sampling Error and Non Sampling error
The difference between the result of sample and the result of census, conducted using identical procedures; a statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample
Non sampling error
Error resulting from some imperfect aspect of the research design that causes response error or from mistake in execution of the research, error that come from such sources as sample bias, mistakes in recording responses, and non responses from persons not contacted and refusing to participate

14. Non response error
The statistical difference between a survey, that includes only those who responded and a survey that include those who had not responded

15. Probability VS Non Probability Sampling
Judgment/purposive Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball sampling

16. Probability Sampling Simple random sampling Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Proportional/dis proportional sampling
Cluster sampling

17. Simple Random Sampling
A sampling procedure that assures each element in the population, an equal chance of being included in the sample

18. Systematic Sampling
A sampling procedure in which an initial starting point is selected by a random procedure and then every nth number on the list is selected
Sampling interval
The number of population elements between the units selected for sample
Periodicity
A problem that occurs in systematic sampling when original list has a systematic pattern

19. Stratified Sampling
A probability sampling procedure in which subsamples are drawn from samples within different strata that are more or less equal on some characteristics
Proportional stratified sample:
A stratified sample in which the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in proportion to the relative population size of that stratum

20. Non proportional stratified sample:
The sample size for each stratum is allocated on analytical consideration
Optimal allocation:
A sampling procedure in which both the size and variation of each stratum are considered when determining sample size for stratum

21. Cluster Sampling
An economically efficient sampling technique in which the primary sampling unit is not the individual element in population, but a large cluster of elements
Area sample
Multistage area sample

22. Appropriate sample design
Degree of accuracy
Resources
Time
Advance knowledge of population
National and local projects
Need for statistical analysis

23. Concluding Remarks Sample, population and census
Issues regarding identification of target population and selection of sampling frame
Probability and non probability sampling
How to analyze appropriate sample design