1. Kress and van Leeuwen on Multimodality

3. Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen describe the concept of multimodality. They challenge their readers to consider the varied forms of meaning making that extend beyond language and enhance the semiotic process.

4. For some time now, there has been, in Western culture, a distinct preference for monomodality. The most highly valued genres of writing (literary novels, academic treatises, official documents and reports, etc.) came entirely without illustration, and had graphically uniform, dense pages of print.

5. Paintings nearly all used the same support (canvas) and the same medium (oils), whatever their style or subject. In concert performances all musicians dressed identically and only conductor and soloists were allowed a modicum of bodily expression.

6. The specialised theoretical and critical disciplines which developed to speak of these arts became equally monomodal: one language to speak about language (linguistics), another to speak about art (art history), yet another to speak about music (musicology), and so on, each with its own methods, its own assumptions, its own technical vocabulary.

7. More recently this dominance of monomodality has begun to reverse. mass media magazines comic strips documents

8. Multimodality colour illustrations sophisticated layout typography

9. Art Forms Cinema videos of popular music ‘high culture’ arts

10. An increasing variety of materials which cross the boundaries between the various art, design and performance disciplines, towards multimodal Gesamtkunstwerke, multimedia events, and so on.

11. Within a given social-cultural domain, the ‘same’ meanings can often be expressed in different semiotic modes.

12. Multimodal communication We move away from the idea that the different modes in multimodal texts have strictly bounded and framed specialist tasks.

13. A view of multimodality in which common semiotic principles operate in and across different modes, and in which it is therefore quite possible for music to encode action, or images to encode emotion.

14. In the past, and in many contexts still today, multimodal texts (such as films or newspapers) were organised as hierarchies of specialist modes integrated by an editing process.

15. Today, however, in the age of digitisation, the different modes have technically become the same at some level of representation, and they can be operated by one multi- skilled person, using one interface.