1. Movements and Joints
Kinesiology Terms

2. Planes of the Body

3. Extension and Flexion

4. Supination and Pronation

5. Abduction and Adduction

6. Inversion and Eversion

7. Protraction and Retraction

8. Elevation and Depression

9. Opposition

10. Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion

11. Internal & External Rotation

12. Rotation To turn the moving bone about its axis
Known as Lateral Rotation in the neck!

13. Horizontal Abduction & Adduction
Moving away from the midline in the horizontal plane
Horizontal Adduction
Moving toward the midline in the horizontal plane

14. Circumduction Circumduction:
Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Adduction in sequence

15. Lateral Flexion
Flexion toward the outside of the body

16. Simple, Compound, and Complex
Vary in size and shape.
Simple Joint:
A joint with only two articulating surfaces
Examples: Hip and Ankle (talotibal)
Compound Joint:
A joint with three or more articulating surfaces
Example: Wrist
Complex Joint:
A joint with more than two articulating surfaces and with a disc or fibrocartilage
Example: Knee.

17. Hinge Joint
The hinge joint allows movement in one plane (flexion, extension)
Examples:
Distal Interphalageal (DIP) and Proximal Interphalageal (PIP) joints of the phalanges in the foot and hand
Ulnohumeral articulation at the elbow

18. Gliding (Plane) Joints
Movement consists of two flat surfaces that slide over each other to allow movement.
In the hand the Carpals will slide over each other as the hand is moved to positions of flexion, extension, radial deviation, or ulnar deviation.
In the foot, the Tarsals shift during pronation and supination, sliding over each other in the process.

19. Gliding (Plane) Joints

20. Ellipsoid Joint
The ellipsoid joint allows movement in two planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction)
Examples:
The radiocarpal articulation at the wrist
The metacarpophalangeal articulation in the phalanges.

21. Saddle Joint
The saddle joint only found at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb
Allows two planes of motion (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction) with a small amount of rotation also allowed.
It is similar to the ellipsoid joint in function

22. Pivot Joint
The pivot joint also allows movement in one plane (rotation; pronation, supination)
Examples:
superior and inferior radioulnar joint
The Atlas-Axis articulation at the base of the skull.

23. Condylar Joints
Allows primary movement in one plane flexion, extension) with small amounts of movement in another plane (rotation).
Examples:
The knee joint
The temporomandibular joint

24. Ball-and-Socket Joint
Allows movement in three planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction; rotation)
Most mobile joint
Examples:
The hip
The Shoulder

25. Amphiarthrodial Joints
Bones held together by either hyaline cartilage
Example: epiphyseal plates
Or by fibrocartilage
Example: pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs
The movement is very limited, although not to the degree of the synarthodial joints.

26. Synarthroidal Joint
Allow little or no movement to occur between the bones and hold the bones firmly together.
Some bones are held together by fibrous articulations
Examples:
Sutures of the Skull
Distal Tibiofibular Joint

27. Closed vs. Open Joint Position
As movement occurs through a range of motion, the actual contact area varies between the articulating surfaces

28. Major Joints of the Body
Type
Degrees of Freedom
Vertebrae
Amphiarthroidial 3
Hip
Ball-and-Socket
Shoulder
Knee
Condyloid 2
Wrist
Ellipsoid
Metacarpophalangeal (fingers)
Carpometacarpal (thumb)
Saddle
Elbow
Hinge 1
Radioulnar
Pivot
Atlantoaxial
Ankle
Interphalangeal

29. Prone and Supine Supine: Face upward; on your back
Prone: Face downward; on your stomach

31. Anterior vs. Posterior
Cornonal (Frontal) Plane splits the body into anterior / posterior sections
Anterior:
Front of the body or body part
Posterior:
Back of the body or body part

32. Lateral vs. Medial
When the body is split along the Mid Sagittal or Median
Sagittal Plane
Lateral:
Away from the midline of the body
Anatomical position
Medial:
Toward the midline of the body

34. Distal vs. Proximal Distal: Proximal:
Farthest from a point of attachment to the body
Proximal:
Used to describe where the appendage joins the body

35. Inferior vs. Superior Transverse or Horizontal Plane Inferior:
Toward the bottom of the body or body part
Superior:
Toward the top of the body or body part

36. Superficial vs. Deep Superficial: Deep (visceral):
Toward the surface of the body
Deep (visceral):
Deep inside the body

37. Dorsal vs. Ventral Mostly used in animals Dorsal (anterior):
Upper Surface
Ventral (posterior):
Bottom Surface

38. Internal vs. External Internal: External: Deeper Inside Toward
Near the surface
Outside
Away

39. Volar, Palmar, and Plantar
Ventral aspect of the fingers
Palmar:
Ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the hand)
Plantar:
Ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot)

40. Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
One sided; pertaining to one side
Contralateral:
Both sides; Bilateral