1. CHAPTER 21 Solid and Hazardous waste Solid and Hazardous waste

2. Solid waste any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas

3. US………….. 4% of world population produces 33% of solid waste 4% of world population produces 33% of solid waste 11 billions /year, 44,000 tons/person 11 billions /year, 44,000 tons/person 98.5% is from mining - oil and natural gas production, agriculture,industry 98.5% is from mining - oil and natural gas production, agriculture,industry

4. Waste categories mining - ore ; industrial - scrap metal, plastic, paper, fly ash, sludge from waste treatment mining - ore ; industrial - scrap metal, plastic, paper, fly ash, sludge from waste treatment

5. MSW 27% recycled (7% in 1960) 27% recycled (7% in 1960) Of 73% that is hauled away - 58% (landfills) incinerators (15%) Of 73% that is hauled away - 58% (landfills) incinerators (15%)

6. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Garbage - 1500 pounds per person Garbage - 1500 pounds per person 2-3 times more than developing countries 2-3 times more than developing countries

7. High waste society - US aluminum - rebuild entire commercial airline every 3 months aluminum - rebuild entire commercial airline every 3 months tires/year - 3 times around globe tires/year - 3 times around globe 18 billion disposable diapers - moon and back 7 times 18 billion disposable diapers - moon and back 7 times 2 billion disposable razors, 10 million computers 2 billion disposable razors, 10 million computers

8. continued….. 2.5 million non-returnable plastic bottles/hour 2.5 million non-returnable plastic bottles/hour 14 billion catalogs (54/person), 38 billion pieces of junk mail 14 billion catalogs (54/person), 38 billion pieces of junk mail 8 million TV sets 8 million TV sets

9. Hazardous waste mandated by Congress mandated by Congress discarded solid waste/liquid material - contains 1 or more of listed 39 compounds, catches fire easily, explosive, corrosive discarded solid waste/liquid material - contains 1 or more of listed 39 compounds, catches fire easily, explosive, corrosive 6 billion tons produced ; 23 tons/person 6 billion tons produced ; 23 tons/person

10. Does not include….. Radioactive waste, hazardous/ toxic materials (Table ), mining waste, oil drilling wastes, cement kiln dust, waste from factories less than 220 lbs/ month Radioactive waste, hazardous/ toxic materials (Table ), mining waste, oil drilling wastes, cement kiln dust, waste from factories less than 220 lbs/ month “Linguistic detoxifications” - environmentalists “Linguistic detoxifications” - environmentalists

11. Detoxification of hazardous waste Denmark - most comprehensive program - every municipality has one facility that accepts paints, solvents and other hazardous material Denmark - most comprehensive program - every municipality has one facility that accepts paints, solvents and other hazardous material bioremidiation -biological treatment of hazardous material - bacteria bioremidiation -biological treatment of hazardous material - bacteria

12. High waste approach - waste management views waste production as an unavoidable product of economic growth views waste production as an unavoidable product of economic growth resulting waste management - reduces environmental harm - bury, burn or ship them to another country resulting waste management - reduces environmental harm - bury, burn or ship them to another country

13. Low waste approach - preventing pollution and waste preventing pollution and waste most waste viewed as potential resources ; reuse as many things as possible; recycle and compost; chemically or biologically treat or increase waste ; bury in landfills most waste viewed as potential resources ; reuse as many things as possible; recycle and compost; chemically or biologically treat or increase waste ; bury in landfills

14. Solutions….deal with hazardous waste

15. Solutions to deal with hazardous waste

16. Goals..low waste approach reduce waste / pollution ; reuse ; recycle/ compost ; chemically treat/ incinerate waste ; bury; reduce waste / pollution ; reuse ; recycle/ compost ; chemically treat/ incinerate waste ; bury; save energy/ virgin resources; reduce effects of mining; improve water,health,safety; decrease cost of pollution control save energy/ virgin resources; reduce effects of mining; improve water,health,safety; decrease cost of pollution control

18. Example - 3M Minnesota Mining Company - began a pollution pays program Minnesota Mining Company - began a pollution pays program redesigned equipment, used fewer hazardous raw materials,make more non- pollution products redesigned equipment, used fewer hazardous raw materials,make more non- pollution products

19. Solutions: reduce waste/pollution decrease consumption ; redesign manufacturing processes - less material; design products that produce less pollution; less hazardous cleaning products ; products -easily reduced,recycled,repaired; reduce unnecessary packaging decrease consumption ; redesign manufacturing processes - less material; design products that produce less pollution; less hazardous cleaning products ; products -easily reduced,recycled,repaired; reduce unnecessary packaging

21. Reuse…. Refillable glass bottles and refillable soft drink bottles made of PET Refillable glass bottles and refillable soft drink bottles made of PET 1964 - 89% refillable ; 1996 - 7% 1964 - 89% refillable ; 1996 - 7%

22. Reuse plastic /paper bags - neither - no clear answer as to which one is more harmful plastic /paper bags - neither - no clear answer as to which one is more harmful plastic - slowly biodegradable ; harm wildlife if swallowed plastic - slowly biodegradable ; harm wildlife if swallowed brown paper - uses trees brown paper - uses trees IDEAL - canvas bags IDEAL - canvas bags

24. Reuse…. Diapers - 18 billion in landfill, new biodegradable ones estimated to take at least 100 years to break down Diapers - 18 billion in landfill, new biodegradable ones estimated to take at least 100 years to break down consumes trees, plastic resources, air an water pollution consumes trees, plastic resources, air an water pollution

25. Other side of picture ….cloth diapers laundering diapers - 10 times more water pollution laundering diapers - 10 times more water pollution 6 times more water, 6 times more water, 3 times more energy 3 times more energy ability to soak up urine higher in disposable diapers - less used ability to soak up urine higher in disposable diapers - less used

26. Reuse..used tires 2.4 billion - 250 million /year 2.4 billion - 250 million /year 47 million retreated 47 million retreated 47 million filled with dirt and used for foundation of low cost homes 47 million filled with dirt and used for foundation of low cost homes construct artificial coral reefs construct artificial coral reefs burnt to produce electricity burnt to produce electricity

27. Interesting fact …. Bacteria that uses sulfur as a nutrient in Yellowstone National Park used in fermentation reactors to break down rubber in used tires Bacteria that uses sulfur as a nutrient in Yellowstone National Park used in fermentation reactors to break down rubber in used tires

28. Recycling..organic solid waste composting - microorganisms break down organic material - fungi, aerobic bacteria composting - microorganisms break down organic material - fungi, aerobic bacteria 35% of Municipal solid waste biodegradable 35% of Municipal solid waste biodegradable

29. Composting…. Mix waste with soil - let it sit - heat generated by,microbial decomposition rises in the pile which is periodically turned to ensure mixing Mix waste with soil - let it sit - heat generated by,microbial decomposition rises in the pile which is periodically turned to ensure mixing

30. Disadvantage …. Control odor - (1) enclose facilities and filter air (2) composting near municipal landfills (3) decomposition in closed metal containers in which air is recirculated Control odor - (1) enclose facilities and filter air (2) composting near municipal landfills (3) decomposition in closed metal containers in which air is recirculated

31. 2 types of recycling… PRIMARY/CLOSED LOOP - wastes recycled to products of the same type - newspapers, aluminum cans PRIMARY/CLOSED LOOP - wastes recycled to products of the same type - newspapers, aluminum cans SECONDARY/OPEN LOOP - waste materials converted into different products SECONDARY/OPEN LOOP - waste materials converted into different products

32. Recycling MSW …US 1996 - 8000 municipal curbside recycling - 51% of population - ”pay as you throw” 1996 - 8000 municipal curbside recycling - 51% of population - ”pay as you throw” creates jobs creates jobs

33. Centralized recycling mixed urban waste collected and transported to centralized MRF’s (Materials Recovery Facilities) mixed urban waste collected and transported to centralized MRF’s (Materials Recovery Facilities) separate glass, iron,aluminum,sold as raw material separate glass, iron,aluminum,sold as raw material

34. Remaining.... paper, plastics recycled or burned - heat produced steam/ electricity paper, plastics recycled or burned - heat produced steam/ electricity US - 220, 60 in planning stages US - 220, 60 in planning stages

35. Disadvantage toxic air pollutants and toxic ash toxic air pollutants and toxic ash health problems from poorly designed facilities health problems from poorly designed facilities

36. Separating solid waste... recyclable and reusable categories - glass, paper, metals, plastics recyclable and reusable categories - glass, paper, metals, plastics source separation produces less air and water pollution, reduces litter, low start up and maintenance costs source separation produces less air and water pollution, reduces litter, low start up and maintenance costs

37. Recycling- economically smart Recycling- economically smart NO - it does not make sense if it costs more to recycle materials, than to send it to landfill/incinerator NO - it does not make sense if it costs more to recycle materials, than to send it to landfill/incinerator make economic sense for easy to recycle materials but not for cheap and plentiful resources (glass, plastic) make economic sense for easy to recycle materials but not for cheap and plentiful resources (glass, plastic)

38. Recycling symbols

39. Factors that hinder recycling more tax breaks and subsidies more tax breaks and subsidies failure to include environmental and health costs of raw materials failure to include environmental and health costs of raw materials lack of large, steady markets for recycled materials lack of large, steady markets for recycled materials

40. Ways to overcome obstacles to recycling taxing virgin resources ; lowering or eliminating taxes on recycled materials, subsidies for reuse ; requiring households to use “pay- as-you-go-through” system ; encouraging purchase of recycled products; use landfills and incinerators as last resort taxing virgin resources ; lowering or eliminating taxes on recycled materials, subsidies for reuse ; requiring households to use “pay- as-you-go-through” system ; encouraging purchase of recycled products; use landfills and incinerators as last resort

41. Recycling Japan - 55%, US - 25%by 2000 Japan - 55%, US - 25%by 2000 Aluminum - 38% worldwide; US - 34% Aluminum - 38% worldwide; US - 34% replace cans by plastic bottles - PET replace cans by plastic bottles - PET

42. Wastepaper 30-60% of less energy 30-60% of less energy reduce air pollution from pulp mills reduce air pollution from pulp mills lowers water pollution - toxic ink lowers water pollution - toxic ink saves landfill space saves landfill space

43. Wastepaper to make paper, caustic soda(sodium hydroxide) converts wood chips into a soft mush, pressed into a thin sheet - dried to make paper, caustic soda(sodium hydroxide) converts wood chips into a soft mush, pressed into a thin sheet - dried recycling removes glue, coating and reconverts it to pulp - pressed into paper recycling removes glue, coating and reconverts it to pulp - pressed into paper 1998 US recycled 40% - 50% by 2005 1998 US recycled 40% - 50% by 2005

44. Recycle plastics many different types of polymers - have to be recycled separately. HDPE - High density polythene; PET - polyethyleneterephthalate; PS - polysterene many different types of polymers - have to be recycled separately. HDPE - High density polythene; PET - polyethyleneterephthalate; PS - polysterene leading producers of hazardous waste 22% by volume of MSW leading producers of hazardous waste 22% by volume of MSW non biodegradable - or very slow degradation non biodegradable - or very slow degradation

45. Plastic … advantage durability, light weight (machine parts, carpeting, durability, light weight (machine parts, carpeting, toys, furniture) unbreakabilit y, reusable as toys, furniture) unbreakabilit y, reusable as containers containers

46. Container Law…Oregon banned use of one-time use beverage bottles banned use of one-time use beverage bottles deposit 2-5 cents on all containers deposit 2-5 cents on all containers Maine - 1991- all non-dairy beverage containers holding a gallon or less - 5cents deposit; liquor,wine - 15 cents Maine - 1991- all non-dairy beverage containers holding a gallon or less - 5cents deposit; liquor,wine - 15 cents

47. Methods of waste disposal - integrated management landfills - cheap, convenient landfills - cheap, convenient incineration incineration source reduction source reduction recycling recycling

48. Landfills - garbage graveyard clay lined depression for collection of “garbage juice”-each days deposit covered with layer of soil ; contaminated water trapped and collected, monitored for methane gas production, clay lined depression for collection of “garbage juice”-each days deposit covered with layer of soil ; contaminated water trapped and collected, monitored for methane gas production,

49. Landfill numbers reduced from 18,500 to 3250 numbers reduced from 18,500 to 3250 “NIMBY” -not in my backyard - groundwater contaminated,odors and truck traffic “NIMBY” -not in my backyard - groundwater contaminated,odors and truck traffic “NIMEY” not in my election year “NIMEY” not in my election year 250 of 1360 Superfund sites are former landfills 250 of 1360 Superfund sites are former landfills

50. Drawbacks… traffic, noise, gases, - emit toxic gases traffic, noise, gases, - emit toxic gases paper/biodegradable products break down very slowly in modern compacted and water and oxygen deficient landfills paper/biodegradable products break down very slowly in modern compacted and water and oxygen deficient landfills contamination of ground water by leachates contamination of ground water by leachates

51. Methane underground anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes produces explosive methane (36%_ ; collected by vent pipes and used to generate energy underground anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes produces explosive methane (36%_ ; collected by vent pipes and used to generate energy

52. Toxic gases hydrogen sulfide gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, smog forming volatile smog forming volatile compounds compounds

53. Incineration 13% of MSW burnt - heat converted to steam and electricity 13% of MSW burnt - heat converted to steam and electricity “mass burn incinerators” - burn mixed trash without separating out hazardous material - batteries, PVC plastic, non combustible materials “mass burn incinerators” - burn mixed trash without separating out hazardous material - batteries, PVC plastic, non combustible materials costly to build, maintain,needs good air pollution devices costly to build, maintain,needs good air pollution devices

54. Advanced air pollution control devices scrubber, bag house filters, electrostatic precipitators scrubber, bag house filters, electrostatic precipitators Japan - heavily dependent- 76% - growing concern about finding infant deaths downwind from these incinerators ( dioxin emissions) Japan - heavily dependent- 76% - growing concern about finding infant deaths downwind from these incinerators ( dioxin emissions) Japan levels 3 times US Japan levels 3 times US

55. Land disposal Deep well disposal - liquid hazardous wastes are pumped under pressure through a pipe into dry, porous geologic formations Deep well disposal - liquid hazardous wastes are pumped under pressure through a pipe into dry, porous geologic formations below groundwater so no contamination below groundwater so no contamination ponds,lagoons,pits- lined with heavy plastic ponds,lagoons,pits- lined with heavy plastic

56. Sweden-drums in concrete and buried underground

57. Above ground storage no contamination of ground water no contamination of ground water

58. Export to other countries 98% of US hazardous 98% of US hazardous waste waste to Mexico and Canada to Mexico and Canada

59. Exposure to lead

60. Dioxins - chlorinated hydrocarbons by products of incineration of chlorine and hydrocarbons by products of incineration of chlorine and hydrocarbons reproductive system, promotes cancer by activating DNA already damaged by other carcinogens reproductive system, promotes cancer by activating DNA already damaged by other carcinogens

61. Chlorine/chlorine containing plastics, solvents,paper and pulp bleaching plastics, solvents,paper and pulp bleaching can be phased out - steam cleaning, citrus based solvents can be phased out - steam cleaning, citrus based solvents Germany - chlorine free paper Germany - chlorine free paper

63. RCRA -1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act EPA - identify hazardous waste and set standards for management. Need Permit if industry is storing, treating, disposing more than 220 lbs. EPA - identify hazardous waste and set standards for management. Need Permit if industry is storing, treating, disposing more than 220 lbs. “Cradle to grave” system - keep track from point of origin to proper disposal “Cradle to grave” system - keep track from point of origin to proper disposal

64. Superfund Act - 1980 (CERCLA) Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act identify and cleanup abandoned hazardous waste dumps identify and cleanup abandoned hazardous waste dumps clean ups are “polluter pays” clean ups are “polluter pays” 1360 sites, already cleaned 1360 sites, already cleaned

66. Superfund sites 10,000 primary sites - $1, trillion 10,000 primary sites - $1, trillion toxic military dumps - $200-400 billion, 30- 50 years toxic military dumps - $200-400 billion, 30- 50 years

67. Solution- low waste society “NO AWAY” “NO AWAY” ‘DILUTION IS NOT THE SOLUTION TO POLLUTION’ ‘DILUTION IS NOT THE SOLUTION TO POLLUTION’ produce less, reuse, recycle material produce less, reuse, recycle material reduce production of solid and hazardous waste reduce production of solid and hazardous waste