1. Vowel Transcription

2. What is a VOWEL?
Vowels are phonemes that are produced without any appreciable constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract. See Table 4.1 for a description of vowel in English

3. Vowel articulators Tongue – primary articulator of vowels
Jaw/mandible - movements
Pharynx – size and shape

4. Airstream
Passes through vocal cavity with virtually no obstruction by the tongue or other major articulators

5. Production
Vowel phonemes are categorized in relation to the position of the body of the tongue in the mouth
Tongue height – refers to how high or low in the oral cavity the tongue is when producing the vowel.
Tongue advancement – how far forward or backward in the mouth the tongue is when producing a particular vowel

6.  Vowel Quadrilateral

8. Vowel quadrilateral and tongue

9. Vowel quadrilateral and tongue

10. Tongue positions

11. Empty vowel chart

12. Vowel Chart
Which IPA symbols go with each word????

13. Vowel Chart
Which IPA symbols go with each word????

14. Lip Configuration
Roundness
Retracted

15. Roundness

16. Tenseness
Tense – usually longer in duration and require more muscular effort
Capable of ending stressed open syllables
Lax
Never end a stressed open syllable
a.      tenseness -–
          i.      tense – longer in duration and involve a greater degree of muscular tension
           ii.      lax – shorter in duration and involve less effort

17. Tenseness

18. Types of vowels
Monophones – have one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract.
Diphthongs – have two distinct articulatory positions; two vowels which comprise one
Onglide – first element of a diphthong
Offglide – second element of a diphthong
In English the offglide is produced at a higher position than the onglide

19. Diphthongs
//
//
//
//
//

20. Draw lines starting in the onglide and ending in offglide.

21. Front vowels
/i/,//, /e/, /e /, //, //

23. /i/
Highest and most fronted of all vowel
One of the point vowels
Lips retracted,
Tense – capable of ending one-syllable open words

24. /I/
High vowel
Is lax
Occurs in closed syllables
Used in words with unstressed syllables ending in “y” – “crazy” or when preceding “ng”
Rhotic vowel /Ir/ “hear”

25. /e, e I / High-mid vowel Retracted Tense /e I / - stressed
/e I / this diphthong is an allophonic variation
/e I / Used in stressed syllables and at end of words regardless of stress

26. //
Known as the Epsilon
Low mid front vowel
Retracted and lax
Often occurs in front of /r/ - “hair”, “”fair”

27. //
Lowest of five point vowels
Retracted and lax
No monosyllable end with //

28. Front vowel sounds visual

29. Back vowels
/u/, //, //, //, //, /a

31. /u/ One of the two highest vowels (together with /i/
Considered another point/corner vowel
Rounded, tense
Found at the end of one syllable words
Is preceded by /j/ in words such as “few,music,few/

32. //
High vowel
Rounded and lax
No open syllable ends with //
Rhotic vowel /r/ - “tour, lure”

33. /o/, /o/
High mid, rounded, tense
Like /e/, the stressed form takes a diphthong /o/, an allophone
Similar to /eI/, the /o/ is used with words that end with this sound

34. //
Open ‘o’
Rounded, back, tense
Not used too much, and usually replaced by //
Rhotic vowel /r/ ‘corn, bored, foreign’

35. //
Low-back, retracted, tense
Point vowel
The only retracted back vowel
Many used instead of //
Rhotic vowel /r/ - bark, art

36. back vowel sounds visual

37. Central vowels
//, //, //, //, //

39. //, // Schwa and turned v Retracted and lax
Vocal tract in its most neutral configuration
// - unstressed, // stressed
Turned v usually does not occur in open syllables except for the word “the”
May be confused for //

40. //, // // schwar Rhotacization // Rounded and lax
// Rounded and tense, the only central vowels that is tense, found at the end of one syllable words
// Produced in unstressed syllables
//Produced in stressed syllables
May be confused with other rhotic vowels -/Ir/, /r/

41. //
Occurs in diphthongs /I/ - ‘kite’

42. back vowel sounds visual