1. Anesthesia Machine VAPORIZERS

2. Vaporizers Convert liquid anesthetic into a volatile inhalation agent Based on laws of physics You must memorize the chemical properties of the volatile agents

3. Basic Design Gas enters vaporizer Flow is split –Majority is bypassed –Some enters vaporizing chamber Saturated gas leaves chamber Diluted by bypass gas Delivered to patient

4. Applied Physics Vapor pressure –Dalton’s law –Based on characteristics of agent –Varies with temperature

5. Applied Physics (con’t) Boiling point –Vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure Latent heat of vaporization –Heat required to change liquid into a vapor –Comes from liquid and environment

6. Types of Vaporizers Historic –Copper kettle –Vernitrol Modern –Ohmeda Tec 4 –Drager Vapor 19.1

7. Characteristics of Drager and Ohmeda Variable bypass Flow over Temperature compensated Agent specific Out of circuit

8. Copper Kettle and Vernitrol Measured flow Bubble through Non temperature compensated Multiple agent Out of circuit

9. Factors that Effect Output Flow rate –Accurate at most flows –Lower than dial setting at both extremes of flow Temperature –Vapor pressure varies with temp –Accurate at 20 - 35 o C

10. Factors Effecting Output (con’t #1) Intermittent back pressure –Retrograde flow –Higher than dial setting especially at low flows and high ventilator pressures Carrier gas composition –N 2 O causes transient drop

11. Vaporizer Interlock System Only 1 vaporizer can be turned on Gas enters only the “on” vaporizer Leak of trace gas is minimized Vaporizers are locked into the circuit

12. What is the concentration of an anesthetic gas in the vaporizing chamber?

13. Vapor pressure X 100 atmospheric pressure

14. Vapor Pressures: Isoflurane - 238 Enflurane - 175 Halothane - 241

15. Isoflurane 238 X 100 = 31% 760

16. Enflurane 175 X 100 = 23% 760

17. Halothane 241 X 100 = 32% 760

18. Desflurane Requires special vaporizer –Vapor pressure 664 –Pressurized, heated chamber 1550 mm / Hg prevents boiling

19. Liquid to Vapor CC’s of Gas per ml of Liquid Isoflurane -- 206 Enflurane -- 210 Halothane -- 240

20. How long will your anesthetic gas last?

21. Vaporizer problem # 1 You have 15 cc’s of forane liquid and are giving 1% at 3 l / m. How long will it last?

22. Vaporizer problem # 2 You have: Forane 15 mL X 206 cc / ml = 3090 cc You use: 1% X 3000 = 30 cc / min Therefore: 3090 cc = 103 minutes 30 cc / min

23. Vaporizer Hazards Misfilling Tipping Dual vaporizers on Leaks Free standing vaporizers

24. Misfilling Vaporizers are calibrated according to the vapor pressure of the agent If you fill with an agent with a higher v.p. -- overdose If you fill with an agent with a lower v.p. -- underdose