1. Active transport question

2. Compare the roles of active transport and diffusion across a cell membrane. (6) CarrierProtein Channel protein Complementary Charged/large ATP – ADP + P Energy Faster Concentration gradient.

3. Osmosis How does water move through plasma membranes? Starter: What can you remember from GCSE? 1) Definition? 2) is it passive/active? 3) Direction of movement 4) What moves? 5) The difference between a solute, solvent & solution 6) The difference between concentrated & dilute solutions in terms of FREE water molecules

4. Success criteria Explain what is meant by osmosis in terms of water potential (no calculations) Recognise and explain the effects that solutions of different water potentials could have upon plant and animal cells.

5. At AS, you must call it water potential (not concentration!) Osmosis Water Potential Diffusion of water molecules that are free to move from an area of high water potential to a low water potential through a partially permeable membrane Measured in Kilopascals (kPa). Pure water has a water potential (WP or  ) of 0 kPa. Whenever something is a solution in water, it will have a negative  The more solute is dissolved in water, the more negative it is. (less water = more negative)

6. Osmosis - definition Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher to a region of lower water potential. High  lower  osmosis

7. Which beaker contains more “free” water molecules? A beaker with exactly 150 ml pure water. A beaker with exactly 150 ml pure water and 50g sugar dissolved in it.

8. What happens? Draw what happens in your book.

9. Why does osmosis occur? partially permeable membrane High  Low  At high  water molecules have more energy because they are less restricted by presence of solutes. At low  water molecules have less energy because they are more restricted by presence of solutes.

10. Why does osmosis occur? partially permeable membrane High  Low  More water molecules can diffuse from left to right (high to low  ) than from right to left. There is a net movement from high to low  more water less water

11. Water potential  The higher the water potential the greater the energy of water molecules and the more likely they are to move by osmosis. At standard temperature and pressure the  of pure water is ZERO. So, the addition of solutes lowers , and so makes the  more negative.

12. In which direction will net osmosis take place?  solution = -230 kPa  cell = -150 kPa net osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a higher to a lower water potential.

13. In which directions will net osmosis take place? Cell A  = -100 kPa Cell C  = -150 kPa Cell B  = -200 kPa net osmosis

14. What happens to cells in pure water? Animal cell will eventually burst-HAEMOLYSED Plant cells-swelling cytoplasm & vacuole will push against the cell wall which will stop the cell getting any larger-TURGID

15. What happens to cells in concentrated sugar solution? Animal cell: cell contents shrink & membrane wrinkles-FLACCID Plant cell-cytoplasm & vacuole shrink and PM pulls away from cell wall- PLASMOLYSIS

16. Quick Quiz 1)What is the water potential of pure water? 2)Which has more free water,  kPa or  kPa ? 3)What is the definition of osmosis? 4)Which has a higher water potential, a concentrated sugar solution or a weak sugar solution?

17. 8 mark question Describe how the processes of diffusion and active transport can move molecules including water, across membranes. Marks will be given for correct use of terminology. You can use diagrams to support your answer.

18. Draw the table below & fill with annotated diagrams to explain what is happening… Hypotonic solution (high conc of water) Hypertonic solution (low conc of water) Animal cells Plant cells Keywords to include:  Turgid  Flaccid  Plasmolysis  Water potential  kPa  Solute  Free water  Haemolysed

19. Complete the venn diagram