1. Creating canada
Grade 8 History: unit 1

2. canada in 1860 Look at the map of Canada on p. 4
What similarities and differences do you notice between this map and our map today.

3. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA in 1860

4. A snapshot of bna Abs Population about 100 000 Some live on reserves
Those that live in NWT and Rupert’s Land hunt, fish and fur trade
Vancouver Island and BC
Population 800
Became a British Crown colony in 1849
BC becomes a colony in 1858 after gold is discovered and thousand arrive to seek it
Vancouver Island and BC join in 1866—the united colony of British Columbia
North-Western Territory
Inhabited by abs
Visited by fur traders and explorers seeking a northwest passage across the continent since the 1500s

5. Nwfd
Population
Loyal to Britain
People live in small fishing villages along the coast
1/5 of the population live in St. John’s
The Maritimes
Population Nova Scotia
Halifax is most important port for trade and commercial centre
Population New Brunswick
The colony is mostly forest
Population of – PEI
Rupert’s Land
Hudson’s Bay Company land—the company has the right to trade
Inhabited mostly by abs and fur traders

6. Red River Settlement
Population of
Initially settled by Scottish immigrants
By % are Metis (mix of ab and Euro heritage)
Canada
Largest colony in BNA
Divided into Canada East and West
West – English speaking Protestant
East – French speaking Roman Catholic
The united province of Canada is very much divided by language and religion

7. Canada Today 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 persons (thousands) Canada
persons (thousands)
Canada
33,317.7
33,726.9
34,126.5
34,484.0
34,880.5
Newfoundland and Labrador
506.4
509.1
511.9
512.9
512.7
Prince Edward Island
139.5
141.1
143.1
145.7
146.1
Nova Scotia
937.5
940.6
945.2
948.5
948.7
New Brunswick
746.9
749.9
752.9
755.3
756.0
Quebec
7,750.5
7,825.8
7,905.1
7,978.0
8,054.8
Ontario
12,932.5
13,068.8
13,223.8
13,366.3
13,505.9
Manitoba
1,205.7
1,219.9
1,235.7
1,251.7
1,267.0
Saskatchewan
1,013.8
1,029.5
1,044.4
1,057.8
1,080.0
Alberta
3,592.2
3,672.7
3,723.8
3,778.1
3,873.7
British Columbia
4,384.3
4,459.9
4,529.5
4,576.6
4,622.6
Yukon
33.1
33.7
34.6
35.4
36.1
Northwest Territories
43.7
43.6
43.9
44.2
43.3
Nunavut
31.6
32.2
32.8
33.6
Note: Population as of July 1. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table Last modified:

8. Politics in canada east and west

9. Politics in Canada east and west
Political Parties:
Examine the chart on p. 8 to learn more.
West – Conservatives (Tories), Reform Party (Clear Grits)
East – Conservatives (Parti Bleu), Clear Grits (Parti Rouge)
Name Canada’s federal parties today.
What do you know about them? What would you like to know about them? Work with your group and make a chart outlining everything you know about each party and want to know.
Do you think it is better to have two parties to chose from or is more better?

10. Party Presentation
You will be assigned a political party. Put together a short PowerPoint presentation to teach the class about the party.
Include:
Who is their party leader? (provide some info about him/her)
How many seats do they currently have in the House of Commons? Does this mean they are strong/weak? Explain.
In which Canadian province(s) does this party have most of their support?
What are their goals/beliefs?
Who is the party representative in your riding? (provide some info about him/her)
Include pictures and important points.
Ensure that you have answered all of the questions well.

11. A New Capital In 1857 the Queen chose Ottawa as the capital.
Why do you think this city was chosen?
Let’s look at the map of Canada. What do you notice about Ottawa’s location? (hint think about what Canada looked like in 1857)
Read p. 8-9—what were the reasons
that Ottawa was chosen as the capital?
Answer p. 15 #2
Canada has changed a lot over the last 150 years. If you were to choose a new capital today, what would it be? Why? (Work in groups) (Debate?)

12. Political deadlock to coalition party
Please read p. 11 and 14 on your own.
In your own words, explain what political deadlock is. Write it down in your binder.
In your own words, explain what a coalition government is. Write it down in your binder.
What were the two objectives of forming this coalition government?
Should governments be allowed to form coalition governments? Explain.
Today we have more than two political parties. Are coalition governments still possible or necessary? (Consider the case of the Reform and the PC Party)

13. Test next class
Study:
Canada’s political parties in the 1850s (chart on p. 8)
Reasons why Ottawa was chosen as the capital (p. 8-9)
Political deadlock (p. 11)
Coalition government (p. 14)

14. The push to nationhood

15. Factors Leading to Confederation
Let’s brainstorm some ideas. Why would the different regions in British North America want to join together? (Look at “snapshot” on p. 5; consider NA in the 1800s)
Five reasons are listed on p Let’s take a look.
After reading these factors:
If you were a politician in Newfoundland would you push for confederation?
What if you were a politician in Canada West?

16. Factors leading to confederation
The Threat of an American Takeover (p. 18)
The Trouble With Trade (p. 22)
Fenian Raids (p. 24)
The Need for Rail Links (p. 25)
Changing British Attitudes (p. 26)

17. questions
P #2-6, 8, 12

18. Confederation investigated
Inquiry Question: Not all British territories joined confederation in 1867—was this the right decision for those that did and didn’t?
Confederation investigated

19. Different Perspectives
Let’s read p together and investigate the factors each colony had to consider regarding confederation. Colonies:
Canada W
Canada E
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
PEI
Newfoundland
We must consider the following questions:
What were the pros and cons each colony had to weigh when deciding whether or not to join?
What was the colony’s final decision in 1867?
Extensions
Have any provinces ever threatened to leave Canada? Why?
What would a province have to do in order to separate from Canada? (i.e. vote)

20. presentations I will create your groups.
Each group will be assigned a region of Canada.
You will create a presentation that includes:
Information about the region in the 1860s (resources, population, demographics, regional boundaries w/ a map). Use textbook and other sources.
Pros of confederation for that region. (Reasons why they should join confederation)
Cons of confederation for that region. (Reasons why they should not join confederation)
A)What the decision was. B) Who made this decision. C) Does your group think this was the right decision (at the time)? Explain
Create the PowerPoint. List your sources. You should use sources other than the textbook. (Help Organize Group)
You will be peer assessed and assessed by the teacher on you ability to answer the questions thoroughly as well as your presentation skills.

21. Groups Question Can W Can E New B N.S. PEI Nwfd 1 2 3 4 5 Question
David
Chrivel
Maya
Eric
Ryan
Micah 2
Alex
Neha
Aaron
Catherine Tu
Ishmael 3
Fatimaa
Chris
Agatha
Mathias
Thiago
Mahir 4
Zenab
Sunny
Phong
Trinh
Sifad
Mahir/Malcolm 5
Evelyn
Thivviyen
Annjanette
Antonia
Christopher
Malcolm
Question
Can W
Can E
New B
N.S.
PEI
Nwfd 1
Nicholis / Leyla
Gabriel
Christian
Isis
Joe /
Mr. Genova 2
Samina
Quinn
Clay
Hubert 3
Soe Way
Nuzhat
Sylvia
Kosta 4
Fung
Ryan
Syed
Jen 5
Karim
Melisa
Aslam
Sebastian

22. Test coming soon
Know/Understand the factors that each colony had to consider regarding confederation.

23. A new government structure
Inquiry Question: In 1867 the fathers of confederation created a responsible and democratic government. In 1982 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect individuals. If we have a responsible and democratic government and a constitution, do we need a charter of rights and freedoms?
A new government structure

24. Challenges
What would be some of the challenges of uniting the colonies?
What powers would the central government have?
How much representation would each colony get?
What about First Nations Peoples that had land claims?
Immigrants began to come from countries other than France and Britain—how would the new country deal with these people? Would they give them a voice?

25. government
Canada would look to the US and Britain to decide on their government structure. Based on the history of both Britain and US, Canada would borrow ideas from both and change some elements that could be improved. THEY LEARNED FROM THE HISTORY OF BOTH BRITAIN AND THE US.

26. FROM THE US
Consider the history of the US. What was happening in the US the just before the Canadian confederation?
Civil War
US – fed system, but provinces (like states) have own government to deal with local concerns
Unlike the US, Canada would give the central government more power, central government would get residual powers (opposite of US)—US had a bloody civil war—Canada did not want to repeat this

27. From the brits
Canada is much larger than Britain and therefore different regions have more diverse needs. However the Brits still had a very strong political system
BR – Queen will be the head of government (more symbolic); Canada would have a parliamentary government fashioned on the British system with a House of Commons made up of representatives elected by the people; representation by population (Que is guaranteed 65 members so they will not be outnumbered)
BR – the PM and cabinet will be members of the political party with the largest number of seats; if they lose the support of the majority of members they can be voted out
BR – Canada would have a second house of parliament—the Senate. It will have 72 members appointed for life—it’s main purpose is to double check all laws passed by the elected House of Commons

28. Federal (central) government

29. The house of commons Also known as the lower house of parliament
Based on representation by population
Members are elected
Members of the House of Commons also make up the government, cabinet and PM position
In the House of Commons they question government ministers about policies, and they debate and vote on bills
A bill is legislation that a MP has proposed
Alberta 28, BC 36, Manitoba 14, NB 10, Nwfd 7, NS 11, NWT 1, Nunavut 1, ON 106, PEI 4, Quebec 75, Saskatchewan 14, Yukon 1

30. The senate Also known as the Upper House of parliament
The Senate approves bills after they have been passed by the House of Commons—they rarely reject bills that have been passed by the H of C
They sometimes recommend changes to bills
Senators are selected by the governor general, acting on the “advice” of the PM
Senators remain in office until 75 years of age unless they resign or become disqualified
The major objective of the senate is to ensure regional representation—to ensure spatial or regional interests
There are 105 seats in the senate (sometimes not all of them are filled. ON -24 senators; Que 24; Maritime 24; Western 24; Nwfld 6; Yukon 1; NWT 1; Nunavut 1
The Senate has less powers than the House of Commons

31. The executive branch Made up of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet
Responsible for presenting programs (bills/laws/budgets) to the legislature for its approval

32. Federal – provincial comparison

33. Activities
p. 73 #2, 4, 6 - must submit by the end of the period p. 73 #10

34. Division of powers
The new country would be called the Dominion of Canada. Let’s read p to learn about how how the Fathers of Confederation divided power between the provinces and the federal government. Question: p. 73 #2 Education is an area that is under provincial control. Why do you think this is? Write a short paragraph explaining your response and submit it to the teacher.

35. The constitution of 1867
It promised a railway; allowed other provinces to join in the future; central government took over all debts of the provinces and most of their sources of income
FR Canadian Rights – keep their own province, language, religion, schools, and civil law; English and French were to be used in the central parliament and the courts; both catholic and protestant schools were guaranteed;
Women – no right to vote, not given rights
First Nations – not given any part in the formation of the country or its government; they were not seen as independent nations; they were placed under the authority of the federal government; but abs saw themselves as independent nations with rights to their lands
There were other minority groups that would raise new challenges: Black settlers, Chinese settlers, etc.

36. Inquiry question
In 1867 the fathers of confederation created a responsible and democratic government. In 1982 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect individuals. If we have a responsible and democratic government and a constitution, do we need a charter of rights and freedoms?

37. Today’s democracy
Let’s take a look at our democracy today

38. A new country for everyone?
The Constitution of 1867 protected some groups of people, but not all. Who was left out?
What could the Fathers of Confederation have done to protect First Nations, women and other minority groups?
Are these groups still left vulnerable today? Explain.
Has the Canadian government done enough to ensure equality and justice for all?

39. The Constitution act of 1982
The Canadian Constitution was updated in 1982—the Constitution Act of 1982
9 of the 10 provinces reach an agreement
only Quebec has refused
Quebec wants the right to stop any changes considered unacceptable to the province
Trudeau does not feel that any province should have special powers
Three points of agreement:
The power to amend the constitution will belong to Canada not Britain
Changes to the constitution can be made if the federal government and seven provinces (representing 50% of the population) agree.
A Charter of Rights and Freedoms will be added to the constitution to protect human rights

40. Video unit review
Learn studentvote.ca Test Next Class

41. The nation expands

42. The west
Vancouver Island experiences a population boom from a few hundred to due to gold in 1858 (p. 75)
Gold was found in British Columbia in 1862 (p. 77)
British Columbia and Vancouver Island were colonies of Britain
In 1860s BC is in financial trouble—they need to become part of a larger country.
What do they do?
Remain a Brit colony? But too far from Britain, too weak on its own
Join US? Even though many miners were from the US, few wanted to join
Join the Canadian Confederation? British gov’t favoured this and so did many in the colony—they could live under the British flag, have their own prov Assembly and elect representative to Parliament in Ottawa
BC sent reps to meet with Macdonald—they asked Canada take over their debts and build a road linking them to the East—Macdonald did even better and built a railway

43. Other directions
1869 – Rupert’s Land joins and is renamed the North West Territories
1873 – PEI joins – they went into debt trying to build a railway across the island – Canada wanted them to join since they could be used as a base for an attack on Canada
1880 – Canada gains the Arctic islands – dozens of islands in the frozen north
MAPS DISPLAYING CANADA’S GROWTH FROM

44. Research the following questions
A) What was the last province to join confederation?
B) When?
C) Who was the Prime Minister at the time?
When did Nunavut become a territory? Why?
When did Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta join confederation?
Sir John A. Macdonald was the first Prime Minister—who was the second?
A Caribbean island almost became part of Canada—which island was it?
Which province almost separated from Canada? When?

45. Confederation update

46. Quebec (p. 94)
Separatism in Quebec – Nov 1976 Parti Quebecois win a huge victory in the Quebec provincial election
Under Rene Levesque, they believe Quebec should separate to preserve their language and culture from being overwhelmed by the English majority
1980 – referendum on whether to leave Canada
59.5% want to remain
1990 – the Bloc Quebecois was formed as a federal party
goal: to give Quebec a strong voice in the federal government
1993 – they win enough eats in Parliament to become the official opposition
1997 – they are the third largest party in the House of Commons
1995 – referendum – the province votes to remain in Canada but by a very narrow margin

47. Regional concerns
Various regions feel that their concerns are not heard—they complain that they do not enough real power
They argue that the federal government is controlled too much by central Canada—is this true? Investigate where parties receive their support and who has the most seats in the House of Commons.—how does this relate to representation by population?
(The reform party was formed in 1987 to better represent the concerns of Western citizens. In 1997 the Reform party won the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons and became the Official Opposition.)

48. The senate
The Senate has been a very controversial branch of the Canadian government. Some senators have recently come under fire for their expenses.
Many argue the Senate is unnecessary today.
It’s validity as a democratic entity has also been questioned, since senators are appointed rather than elected.

49. The provinces vs. ottawa (p. 95)
At the time of confederation the fathers of confederation believed a strong central government was important, the thought the federal government should control important matters concerning the whole country
Times have changed—Canada is no longer a 19th century country of farms and forests—it is an industrialized nation
Governments play a bigger role in the lives of Canadians today
Provincial governments are expected to provide many more services such as health care and education
Therefore provinces are demanding more power and a bigger share of tax money to pay for these services

50. First nations’ rights (p. 95)
Abs do not believe that Canada had two founding nations—Eng and Fr
They see themselves as “First Nations”
They believe they have the right to self-government and a claim to their lands as first inhabitants
Many also believe the Canadian government has broken promises made in treaties
Abs are challenging the Canadian government to honour their rights and settle their land claims
Some progress has been made (i.e. Nunavut – the Inuit have some self-government) but many issues are yet to be resolved

51. Women (p. 95)
Since confederation women have gained the right to vote and hold political office
But in areas of business, employment, salaries, and politics women are still battling for equality with men
Timeline p

52. The Constitution act of 1982
The Canadian Constitution was updated in 1982—the Constitution Act of 1982
9 of the 10 provinces reach an agreement
only Quebec has refused
Quebec wants the right to stop any changes considered unacceptable to the province
Trudeau does not feel that any province should have special powers
Three points of agreement:
The power to amend the constitution will belong to Canada not Britain
Changes to the constitution can be made if the federal government and seven provinces (representing 50% of the population) agree.
A Charter of Rights and Freedoms will be added to the constitution to protect human rights

53. The charter of rights and freedoms
Some main points of the Charter are highlighted on p. 103—let’s take a look.
The Charter is divided into sections. Five of the sections are:
Fundamental Rights
Democratic Rights
Mobility Rights
Legal Rights
Equality Rights
Analyze each section and, in one sentence for each, explain what the purpose of each section is.

54. The meech lake accord (p. 97)
The premiers meet at Meech Lake in Quebec
They want to make changes to the constitution
Quebec wants to be recognized as a “distinct society” within Canada—in order to sign the constitution and not separate
The provinces want to be granted more power
The premiers sign, but the agreement must be signed by the parliament of all ten provinces
Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador do not pass the Accord by the deadline—the Meech Lake Accord is defeated

55. The charlottetown accord (p. 97)
Another conference is held at Chalottetown
This time the debate is opened to the public and interest groups
The Charlottetown Accord has these key points:
Distinctness of Quebec should be recognized
The right of Aboriginal peoples to have self-government is recognized
Federal and provincial governments vow to work together to develop all regions of the country
The Senate should be reformed
The provinces should have power over their immigrants, culture, forestry, mining, tourism, housing, recreation, and municipal and urban affairs
In a national referendum 54% say no, 46% say yes
Why do you think 54% of Canadians voted “no”?

56. Activities P
#2-4
#5 choose a, b, or c
#10

57. debates
Central Canada is overrepresented in the House of Commons. Quebec deserves special rights to ensure their language and culture is protected. The Canadian government has done enough to ensure that women and men are equal. The Canadian government has done enough to ensure that First Nations are respected. The central government has too much power compared to the provinces. The Senate is no longer necessary.