1. 1 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Digital Meters - Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis Bala Vinayagam Mar 21, 2006

2. 2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Contents Effects of power quality Power Quality definitions revisited What is needed for PQ monitoring ? GE Multilin’s solution o PQMII o EPM9000 series Summary Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & Harmonics

3. 3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ is a Business Problem Power Quality issues cause business problems such as: Lost productivity, idle people and equipment Lost orders, good will, customers and profits Lost transactions and orders not being processed Revenue and accounting problems Customer and/or management dissatisfaction Overtime required to make up for lost work time According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percent of All Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.

4. 4 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Is Power Quality Such a Big Problem?

5. 5 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Why PQ is such a Big Problem? The sensitivity of today’s electronic equipment makes it susceptible to power disturbances For some devices, a momentary disturbance can cause o scrambled data o interrupted communications o a frozen mouse o system crashes and equipment failure

6. 6 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems are Expensive Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual Cost of Power Interruptions … Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005 $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a results of power quality breakdowns …. Bank of America Report A manufacturing company lost more than $3 million one day last summer in Silicon Valley when the “lights went out.” … New York Times January 2000 “A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole day of production - $250,000 loss” … Business Week, June 17,, 1996 Half of all computer problems and one-third of all data loss can be traced back to the power line … Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times

7. 7 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Who is Affected? Lost production Scrap Costs to restart Labor costs Equipment damage and repair Other costs High Cost Facilities o Semiconductor plants o Pharmaceuticals o Data centers Medium Cost Facilities o Automotive manufacturing o Glass plants o Plastics & Chemicals o Textiles

8. 8 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Typical Duration Instantaneous Sag0.5 – 30 cycles Momentary Sag30 cycles – 3 sec Temporary Sag3 sec – 1 min

9. 9 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Typical Duration Instantaneous Sag0.5 – 30 cycles Momentary Sag30 cycles – 3 sec. Temporary Sag3 sec – 1 min. Instantaneous Swell0.5 – 30 cycles Momentary Swell30 cycles – 3 sec. Temporary Swell3 sec – 1 min.

10. 10 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Short Duration Variations Typical Duration Instantaneous Sag0.5 – 30 cycles Momentary Sag30 cycles – 3 sec. Temporary Sag3 sec – 1 min. Instantaneous Swell0.5 – 30 cycles Momentary Swell30 cycles – 3 sec. Temporary Swell3 sec – 1 min. Momentary Interruptions0.5 – 30 cycles Temporary Interruptions30 cycles – 3 sec.

11. 11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Typical Duration Sustained interruptions> 1 min Under voltages> 1 min Over voltages> 1 min

12. 12 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Typical Duration Sustained interruptions> 1 min Under voltages> 1 min Over voltages> 1 min Voltage imbalanceSteady state Waveform Distortion

13. 13 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Definitions Revisited IEEE Categories Std 1159-1995 Long Duration Variations Typical Duration Sustained interruptions> 1 min Under voltages> 1 min Over voltages> 1 min Voltage imbalanceSteady state Waveform Distortion DC offsetSteady state HarmonicsSteady state Inter harmonicsSteady state For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality

14. 14 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Sources of PQ Problems Utility Sources Lightning PF Correction Equipment Faults Switching Internal Sources Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC Uninterruptible Power Supplies Variable Frequency Drives Battery Chargers Large Motors During Startup Electronic Dimming Systems Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic) Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray Machines Office Equipment and Computers Wiring

15. 15 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems and Possible Causes Typical problemsDisturbance TypePossible Causes Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Steady-stateShared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics

16. 16 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems and Possible Causes Typical problemsDisturbance TypePossible Causes Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Steady-stateShared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring

17. 17 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems and Possible Causes Typical problemsDisturbance TypePossible Causes Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Steady-stateShared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data Sags/SwellSource voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring

18. 18 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems and Possible Causes Typical problemsDisturbance TypePossible Causes Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Steady-stateShared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data Sags/SwellSource voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring Component failure Dielectric breakdown Lock-ups Garbled data Wavy CRTs Impulses EMI/RFI Lightning Load switching Capacitor switching Static discharge Hand-held radios Loose wiring/arcing

19. 19 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Problems and Possible Causes Typical problemsDisturbance TypePossible Causes Overheated neutral Intermittent lock-ups Frequency deviations Steady-stateShared neutrals Improper or inadequate wiring High source impedance SCR/Rectifiers and notching Harmonics Interruption Garbled data Random increase in harmonics levels Utility faults Inrush currents Inadequate wiring Intermittent lock-ups Lights flicker Garbled data Sags/SwellSource voltage variations Inrush/surge currents Inadequate wiring Component failure Dielectric breakdown Lock-ups Garbled data Wavy CRTs Impulses EMI/RFI Lightning Load switching Capacitor switching Static discharge Hand-held radios Loose wiring/arcing Overheated transformers and motors Voltage and current distortions Garbled data Lock-ups HarmonicsElectronic loads SCR/rectifier

20. 20 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Major PQ Problems Source: EPRI, 1994 Spikes, 7% Sags, 56% Outages, 6% Swells, 31% Sags (Dips) Associated with system faults Switching of heavy loads Starting of large motors Swells System fault conditions Switching on a large capacitor bank Switching off a large load

21. 21 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Cost of Voltage Sags Textile Industry Plastics Industry Glass Industry Process Industry Semiconductors $1k$10k$100k$1M $10M Losses per Voltage Sag Event Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003

22. 22 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Cost of Momentary Outages Momentary Outages create problems when computers and clocks reset, equipment stalls, and work stops.

23. 23 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 High Speed Waveform Capture High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ Troubleshooting Tool

24. 24 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads to the Prevention of PQ Problems Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous “Health Check” of a facility’s power system … for example: o Harmonic interaction between loads and power conditioning equipment spotted o High Inrush currents from equipment startup detected o Transients from load switching are seen It provides data to see, diagnose and avert looming problems – “like squeaky brakes on a car” o Trends can be detected o JIT equipment maintenance programs can be established It acts like a “Black Box” on an airplane to tell you what, when, and where a Power Quality event occurred … to prevent it from reoccurring

25. 25 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 What is needed for PQ Monitoring? PQ Monitors must detect and record the 7 types of PQ problems Transients Interruptions Sag/Under Voltage Swell/Over Voltage Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuations Frequency Variations These include Flicker and Compliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEE and ISO Standards Plus they must … Be easy to use Be Suitable for continuously monitoring indoors and outdoors Interface with standard PQ analysis Software…PQDif format Be fast enough to capture high speed events that produce equipment problems Have enough storage to save the waveforms you need Have PQ analysis tools that produce usable, actionable recommendations ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)

26. 26 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 26 EPM 9000 / 9800 Up to 512 samples / cycle Web server.02 accuracy Flicker and transients recording High Range PQ Transients Flicker High Sampling Rate Utility Hardened Web Server Ladder Logic I/O PQM II Power Quality parameters Data logging Control options Mid Range PQ Waveform Events/Alarms Data Logging I/Os EPM 6000 0.2 revenue class accuracy New Additions: THD and KYZ pulse option EPM 2000 Low cost – panel mount Single P/N PL2000 Basic Metering 50+ Parameters 0.3% Accuracy I/Os THD, F, PF….. EPM 1000 / EPM 4000 Wall/Panel mountable enclosure Power line carrier capability Modbus communication Multi-Point monitoring capability Energy Aggregator support Sub Metering Tenant Metering 10-20 Parameters.5 % Accuracy Sub Meter Basic Metering Mid Range PQ High Range PQ Basic PQ Monitoring to Advanced PQ Monitoring, Detection & Analysis Power & Power Quality Metering System

27. 27 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 GE Power Quality Meters High End PQ Meters Power professionals world-wide rely on GE’s products for their power monitoring and communication applications. GE’s meters provide high speed waveform capture, advanced power quality, multiport communications and control. PQMII EPM9800 EPM9450/965 0

28. 28 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 All basic electrical parameters Data logging and waveform Voltage disturbance analyzer Analog outputs, digital inputs Control relays and KYZ pulses Multiple communication ports Easy to program and set-up… EnerVista Replaces multiple analog meters GE ProductApplicationProduct Features PQM IIPower QualityWaveform, Data Logging, I/Os Power Quality Meter – PQM II

29. 29 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Power Quality with Advanced Voltage Disturbance Recorder Key Features High accuracy, mid range Power Quality with many advanced features. Waveform capture using set-points for PQ analysis. Waveform can be triggered by external equipment (motors) through digital inputs for capturing start-up current etc…. Control Relays can open and close at the pre-programmed (min, max etc) set- points for alarms and notifications. Analog outputs for power information to PLCs, RTU and other non digital communication devices. VERY EASY to use, program and set- up – comes with free set-up and monitoring software (launch pad). Voltage Disturbance Recording for electrical up to 500 sag & swell events Open Modbus and DNP 3.0 protocol over RS 485 with multi port communication capability Target Applications/Industries Ideal for circuit monitoring for control panels, switchboards, Motor Control Centers, Power Distribution Panels. Primary Monitoring of low and medium voltage application, requiring full metering with over 100 different electrical parameters with data logging and oscillograph (waveform). Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point activation, Analog and digital I/Os. Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data Centers, Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas……. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers….. Power Quality Meter – PQM II

30. 30 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 GE ProductApplicationProduct Features 9450 Advanced Power Quality Metering 512K Memory for Data-Logging, waveform; Measures all Electrical Values 9650 Advanced Power Quality Metering with Flicker 2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging and Waveform capture 9800 Socket Design - Advanced Power Quality Metering with Flicker 2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging and Waveform capture, local display Advance Power Quality with Revenue Metering Highest Grade Revenue Accuracy - 0.06% Energy Advanced Waveform Recording and Analysis – 512 samples /cycle Built Ethernet 100 Base T – Total Web Solutions Advanced Control for Load Shedding and Demand Control Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800

31. 31 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800 Key Features: High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board mass memory. Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other applications. Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in high-end power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255 th order peak. Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between the voltage and the currents. Web Server Capability – Data from meters is viewable over the web. Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be viewed. Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control Target Applications/Industries: Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltage application, requiring full metering, with data logging, controls and high speed oscillography (waveform). Remote monitoring over the web using web pages Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point activation, Analog and digital I/Os. Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas……. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..

32. 32 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800 Key Features: High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board mass memory. Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other applications. Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in high- end power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255 th order peak. Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between the voltage and the currents. Web Server Capability – Data from meters is viewable over the web. Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be viewed. Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control Target Applications/Industries: Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltage application, requiring full metering, with data logging, controls and high speed oscillography (waveform). Remote monitoring over the web using web pages Applications requiring Control Relays with set- point activation, Analog and digital I/Os. Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas……. OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..

33. 33 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Real Time Field Recorded Events Source: AGA Brazil Meter: EPM9650 Period: Jan 2005 – Dec 2005 Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems

34. 34 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 PQ Meter ITI Capture Equipment Interrupting Voltage Sags as Recorded Damage Inducing Voltage Surges as Recorded ITI Acceptable Power Disturbance Envelope ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)

35. 35 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Instantaneous Sag Event

36. 36 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Instantaneous Swell Event

37. 37 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Harmonic & Interharmonic Spectrum

38. 38 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Flicker Recording

39. 39 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Flicker Recording

40. 40 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Summary GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions Accurate Measurement to determine actual state Examinations Remedial actions Remedy Feels the pulse of the power system network Symptoms High resolution recordings for longer durations GE Communicator software Diagnosis

41. 41 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 10-Aug-15 Finally… If You Can’t Measure it You Can’t Manage it If You Can Measure it You Can Manage it