1. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 11 I. Overview of Energy Sources A. A. Energy units “primer” 1. 1. Energy expressed as a finite quantity   Joule (J) = SI unit of energy   British Thermal Unit (Btu) = English unit of energy   1 Btu is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb m of water 1° F @ 68° F   1000 J = 1 kJ; 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ

2. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 12 I. Overview of Energy Sources A. A. Energy units primer   1 calorie is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C @ 15° C   1 calorie (cal) = 4.187 Joules   1 Calorie (nutritionally) = 1000 cal (1 kcal)   1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 x 10 -19 Joule Mass quantities 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg 1 domestic ton = 2235 lb 1 short ton - 2000 lb

3. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 13 I. Overview of Energy Sources A. A. Energy units primer   HUGE numbers are necessary for quantifying both national and international energy use! Mega (M)10 6 Giga (G)10 9 Tera (T)10 12 Peta (P)10 15 Exa (E)10 18 1 “quad”10 15 Btu

4. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 14 I. Overview of Energy Sources A. A. Energy units primer 2. 2. Energy expressed as a rate   Rate of energy = energy per unit time = Power   Watt (W) = SI unit of power; 1 W = 1 Joule/sec   1000 Joule/sec = 1 kW   1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1 kW over 1 hour time (finite amount) = 3600 kJ   Horsepower (hp) = English unit of power; 1 hp = 0.7068 Btu/sec   1 hp = 0.764 kW

5. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 15 I. Overview of Energy Sources A. A. Energy units primer 3. 3. Other useful energy quantities   Natural gas: 1 therm = 100,000 Btu = 1 x 10 5 Btu = 1.055 x 10 5 kJ   Air conditioning and refrigeration: 1 ton of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min = 12,000 Btu/hr   1 ton coal equivalent (tce) = 28 GJ = 28,000 MJ   1 ton oil equivalent (toe) = 42 GJ = 42,000 MJ

6. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 16 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 1. 1. Crude Oil   What exactly is it??? Complex mixture of hydrocarbons   Hydrocarbons are compounds with only hydrogen and carbon atoms (C & H) example: C 1 -C 2 -C 3 -C 4 -C 5 -C 6 -C 7 -C 8 = C 8 total (+ H’s)   Often called “paraffins” by organic chemists   Elemental composition:   85% Carbon, 14% Hydrogen, 1% other

7. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 17 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 1. 1. Crude Oil  C 27 - C 35  Complexity comes from a large range of molecular weights (MW): C 27 - C 35  Over 500 different HC compounds!  Most crude oil formed about 500 million years ago   Energy is liberated by breaking of C-H bonds principally through combustion   Combustion is a chemical reaction which is technically oxidation: the reaction of oxygen with a fuel   Average energy density: 42 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne

8. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 18 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview   Specialized products from crude oil 1. 1. Gasoline (“petrol”)   Still a mixture of hydrocarbons: C 4 - C 12   On average C 8 H 18 - octane   Average energy density: 44 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne 2. 2. Diesel fuel   Mixture of hydrocarbons: C 8 - C 16   On average C 12 H 26 - dodecane   More of an “oil” than gasoline   Average energy density: 45 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne

9. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 19 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview   Emissions from gasoline and diesel   Unburnt hydrocarbons (HC’s)   Nitrogen oxides: NO x   Sulfur oxides: SO x   SO 2 + water  Sulfurous acid  “acid rain”   Carbon dioxide: CO 2   Ozone: O 3   Lead: Pb (earlier times)

10. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 110 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 2. 2. Natural gas   What exactly is it??? Principally methane: CH 4   Elemental composition: 75% C, 25% H   Energy density: 55.1 MJ/kg   Unlike oil, natural gas is a pure compound   Extremely clean fuel: CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + HEAT Most valuable of all fossil fuels LNG = liquified natural gas Cheaper to transport Closely related fuel gas: Propane: C 3 H 8

11. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 111 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 3. 3. Coal   What exactly is it??? Mostly carbon (C), but highly variable: 60% - 92% carbon   Also contains oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen   Sulfur contamination: results in acid rain; e.g. coal-fired power plants in NE United States   Average energy density: 30 MJ/kg

12. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 112 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 3. 3. Coal - chemical composition Several different forms (actually 8) 1. 1. Anthracite: “hard coal” 2. 2. Lignite: “soft coal” AnthraciteLignite Carbon92%60-75% Oxygen2.5%17 - 34% Hydrogen3.75%6% Sulfur1%0.5 - 3%

13. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 113 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 4. 4. Tar Sands and Oil Shale a. a. “Tar sands”   Bitumen coated sand deposits   Deposits can be mined and processed   Oil is extracted with heat and steam   Economical when crude oil >$60 per barrell   Ft. McMurray in Alberta, Canada has some of the world’s largest deposits   Canada is large exporter to USA (along with regular crude and natural gas)

14. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 114 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview 4. 4. Tar Sands and Oil Shale a. a. “Oil Shale”   Literally oil impregnated rock (shale)   Somewhat like coal  Also called kerogens   First discovered in NW Colorado - “burnable rock”   Expensive to extract and environmentally problematic - huge strip mines

15. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 115 I. Overview of Energy Sources B. B. Fossil fuels overview Summary of fossil fuels energy density: 1. 1. Crude Oil: 42 MJ/kg 2. 2. Natural Gas: 55 MJ/kg 3. 3. Coal: 28 MJ/kg _____________________ 1. 1. Wood ???

16. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 116 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 1. 1. World energy   2005 Global energy consumption: 463 Quads = 488.5 EJ   Average of 72.6 million Btu/person/year   However,   Developed countries: >150 Btu/person/year   Developing countries: < 40 Btu/person/year

17. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 117 PSE 201 Lecture 6 17 024839-2 Projected World Supplies 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000 20 40 60 80 100 100 BILLION BARRELS Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent perYear (GBOE) Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent perYear (GBOE) Natural Gas Natural Gas Hydroelectric Crude Oil Solar, W ind Geothermal Nuclear Electric 1993 Coal Decreasing Fossil Fuels New Technologies World Energy Demand after Edwards, AAPG 8/97 tar sands; oil shale 2009=NOW

18. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 118 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 1. 1. World energy   Large international disparity in energy availability and use! “haves” and “have nots”   KEY POINT: expected large (exponential) population increases in “developing” countries will place a large strain on energy supply in the future   Energy efficiency of “developing” countries lags far behind N. America and Europe

19. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 119 I. Overview of Energy Sources

20. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 120 Crude Oil Prices: 1970 - 2000

21. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 121 Crude Oil Prices 1860 - 1996 2008 $100+

22. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 122 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 2. 2. US energy   2005 US energy consumption: 100 quads = 106 EJ   This is about 22% of global energy consumption   Average of 340 million Btu/person/year   However, US has < 5% of world’s population!   Large reason for our extremely high standard of living…

23. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 123 I. Overview of Energy Sources

24. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 124 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 2. 2. US energy Example: United States: 9470 kWh/person/year United States: 9470 kWh/person/yearvs. Germany: 3270 kWh/person/year Germany: 3270 kWh/person/year Clearly, US per capita energy usage not necessary for a high standard of living… Clearly, US per capita energy usage not necessary for a high standard of living…

25. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 125 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply Key energy consumption quantities: 1. 1. Energy Intensity =   High = low energy use efficiency (e.g. Africa)   Low = high energy use efficiency (e.g. US) 2. 2. Energy per capita =   Strongly affected by energy efficiency

26. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 126 I. Overview of Energy Sources

27. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 127 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 2. 2. US energy - crude oil   US crude oil production:   1970: 9.6 MM bpd   2006: 5.1 MM bpd   NOW, 2/3 of all crude oil is imported   2005: 20.8 MM bpd   Canada, Middle East, Mexico,Venezuela

28. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 128 I. Overview of Energy Sources

29. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 129 I. Overview of Energy Sources C. C. Energy consumption and supply 2. 2. US energy - transportation   70% of all oil in US is used for transportation purposes   Some relief expected due to growing biofuels availability and hybrid and electric cars   Petroleum will continue to be the dominant source of transportation fuels for next 20-30 years

30. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 130 II. World Energy Consumption and Supply

31. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 131 II. World Energy Consumption and Supply US Electricity Generation

32. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 132 III. Renewable Energy Sources Overview A. A. Solar-derived sources 1. 1. Direct solar heating and electricity generation 2. 2. Biomass energy - fuel value of biomass 3. 3. Wind power - solar heating of atmosphere 4. 4. Hydroelectric power - solar origin of weather and rainfall 5. 5. Tidal energy - gravitational effect of sun (and moon)

33. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 133 III. Renewable Energy Sources Overview B. B. Non-solar derived sources 1. 1. Geothermal energy - heat from earth’s core

34. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 134 Other Energy Sources C. C. Nuclear power   Environmental and safety issues, but most efficient, non-polluting, and essentially inexhaustible source of large-scale power generation   Neither solar, geothermal, or fossil fuel derived source   Energy contained within atoms - fission and fusion

35. PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 135 Other Energy Sources C. C. Nuclear power   80% of electricity generation in France is nuclear   20% of electricity generation in US is nuclear   Building consensus that nuclear power must be a more significant part of US electricity generation for the future - renewables “can’t do it all”