1. Indian Removal

2. Before the DST: two strategies in response to American expansion
nativists vs. accommodationists
neither approach could guarantee a place in American society

3. shift in American policy
from civilization to removal
New kind of treaty: exchange of land rather than cession of land
division within Native American nations:
Opponents of removal
Those who saw relocation as inevitable

5. Acculturation
By 1815 many NA in the southeast were raising cattle and pigs and planting crops.
Most as individual families
Some had African slaves
A planter elite of mixed ancestry developed.
Christian missionaries operated schools.

6. The signs of ‘civilization’
Farming: corn, cotton, and livestock
Infrastructure: roads, bridges, ferries
Government: National Council, written laws, police force, law courts
Change in values:
Private property
Paternal authority

7. Sequoyah’s syllabary (1821)
‘talking leaves’

8. Cherokee Phoenix (1828- present)
Library of Congress / Cherokee Phoenix

9. University of Georgia

10. 5 new states in the Mississippi Valley: Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817),
Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Missouri (1821)

11. Andrew Jackson
1824 portrait by Thomas Sully.
Source: U.S. Senate

12. Indian Removal Act (1830)
NA that cede land east of Mississippi will receive land west of Mississippi ‘forever’
U.S. will pay NA for improvements they made to the land (houses, farms, etc.)
U.S. will pay for cost of relocation plus first year in new location
U.S. agents will protect Indians in their new homes

13. Elias Boudinot and John Ross
Oklahoma Historical Society
Library of Congress

14. The Treaty Party (Boudinot) traveled west in 1837 to join the ‘Old Settlers’ already living north of the Arkansas River
The National Party (Ross) was forced to move by the U.S. army in 1838

15. Trail of Tears
North Carolina Digital History

16. Nunna dual Tsuny – The trail where they cried
1942 painting by Robert Lindneux PBS.org (The Granger Collection).

17. Continued tensions Old Settlers, National Party, Treaty Party
Boudinot and two other leaders of Treaty Party were killed for “treason” in 1839
The 3 factions made peace in 1846

18. ‘Indian Territory’