1. Chapter 18 Volcanic Activity

2. Section 18-1 Magma Objectives:
Describe factors that can affect the formation of magma
Compare and contrast the different types of magma

3. Volcanic Eruptions
In the last 10,000 years more than 1500 major volcanic eruptions have been recorded…where and why do these eruptions occur?

4. How Magma Forms
Recall that magma is a mixture of molten/melted rock, suspended mineral grains, and dissolved gasses found deep beneath the Earth’s surface.

5. How Magma Forms
Magma usually forms at temperatures between 800 and 1200 C (1600 to 2400 F)
The temperature, and the pressure on the rock along with the amount of water in the rock all determine at what temperature the rock will melt.

6. The Inner Earth Crust (lithosphere) Upper Mantle Lower Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

7. Rock Review Sedimentary (sediments) Igneous (cooling magma/lava)
Metamorphic (heated solid rock)

8. Pressure and Temperature
As pressure increases on the rock inside the Earth, the temperature of the rock increases.
So, the deeper down into the Earth that you go, the higher the temperature.

9. Water and Magma
If rock contains spaces that hold water, the rock will melt at a lower than normal temperature because the water found inside the rock helps it liquefy as it heats up.

10. Types Of Magma
Basaltic
Andesitic
Rhyolitic

11. Basaltic Magma
Typically forms when rocks in the upper mantle begin to melt, it tends to be fast moving and relatively quiet as it erupts due to its low gas content.

12. Andesitic Magma
Andesitic magma is made in subduction zones and is typically about 60% silica, it tends to move and erupt at a medium pace.

13. Rhyolitic Magma
Rhyolitic magma is thick and slow moving…it is filled with gas and water and tends to be very explosive because pressure builds within it.

14. Viscosity
Viscosity refers to the rate or speed at which something will flow.
If something has a high viscosity, the thicker and slower it will flow
If something is said to have a low viscosity, the thinner and faster it will flow.

15. Section 18-2 Intrusive Activity
Objectives:
Explain how magma affects overlying crustal rocks
Compare and contrast intrusive igneous rock bodies

16. Density and Movement
Because molten rock is nearly liquid compared to the solid rock around it, it is less dense and wants to move upward.
What happens as the magma flows upward into cooler crust? The process is called “intrusion”.

17. Magma Intrusions

18. Intrusions
The magma can force the solid rock to push apart and create fissures
The magma can contact the upper solid rock and cause pieces of it to melt and fall into the magma pool
The magma can immediately melt the rock into which it flows

19. Plutons
As the flowing magma cools inside of the solid rock, it crystalizes and forms blocks, ribbons or veins of new “intrusive” igneous rock.

20. Batholiths
Batholiths are the specific name given largest formations of plutons. They are usually found in large mountain ranges. They cut across rock layers.

21. Laccoliths
Laccoliths tend to form near the Earth’s surface where they cause the rock above to push upward in a dome shape.

22. Sills
Sills are intrusions that form parallel to the existing rock, they tend to stay underground and flow like a “spill”.

24. Plate Movement
Underground plutons can be brought to the surface as tectonic plates converge and push upward exposing the rock within it.
Most igneous rock on the surface of the Earth is not from volcanic activity but from the slow gradual process of plate tectonics.

26. Section 18-3 Volcanoes Objectives:
Describe the major parts of a volcano
Compare and contrast shield, cinder-cone, and composite volcanoes
Contrast the volcanism that occurs at plate boundaries

27. Anatomy of a Volcano
The magma that erupts to the Earth’s surface is then called lava.
The lava erupts through an opening in the crust called a vent.
The lava will cool and solidify around the vent forming a mountain that is called a volcano.

28. Anatomy of a Volcano
At the top of a volcano around the vent is a bowl-shaped depression called a crater

29. Types of Volcanoes The appearance of a volcano depends on two factors:
The type of material that forms the volcano
The type of eruptions that occur

30. Types of Volcanoes
Shield
Cinder-cone
Composite

31. Shield Volcanoes
A wide volcano/mountain with gently sloping sides and a nearly circular base
It results from the slow eruption of basaltic lava that builds up in layers
Hawaiian Islands

32. Shield Volcano

33. Cinder-Cone Volcanoes
Very steep mountain/volcano that results from material being ejected straight up into the air and falling back down around the vent
Magma/lava contains some gases that make the eruptions explosive

34. Cinder Cone

35. Composite Volcanoes
Larger versions of cinder-cone that have been made of layers of lava and solid material. The magma/lava that makes them up is full of gas that builds up until it finally explodes violently.
Mt. St. Helens

36. Composite

37. Volcanic Material
Rock fragments thrown into the air during an eruption are called tephra.
Classified by size
Dust
Ash
Lapilli
Volcanic blocks (angular)
Volcanic bombs (rounded)

38. Pyroclastic Flows
Violent eruptions that send out a wave of gas, ash, and tephra that can travel up to 400 mph.

39. Where do Volcanoes Occur?
The distribution of volcanoes around the world is not random, most occur at plate boundaries.
80% convergent
15% divergent
5% non-boundary “Hot Spots”

40. Convergent Volcanism
Plates coming together, this forms the Pacific Ocean “Ring of Fire” and the “Mediterranean Ring” in the Atlantic.

41. Divergent Volcanism
Plates spreading apart also create a way for magma to escape…these are called rift zones.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

42. Hot Spots
The Hawaiian Islands are not formed along a plate boundary but instead are found in an area of the mantle that is usually hot called a “hot-spot”
As the plates move over the hot spot volcanoes form.