1. Practical Performance of MU- MIMO Precoding in Many-Antenna Base Stations Clayton Shepard Narendra Anand Lin Zhong

2. Background: Many-Antennas More antennas = more capacity Traditional approaches don’t scale 2

3. Background: Beamforming = Constructive Interference = Destructive Interference ? 3

4. Due to environment and terminal mobility estimation has to occur quickly and periodically BS Background: Channel Estimation 4 + + = Align the phases at the receiver to ensure constructive interference Path Effects (Walls)

5. BS Background: Channel Estimation 5 Multiple users have to send pilots orthogonally

6. Frame Structure Time Division Duplex (TDD) –Uplink and Downlink use the same channel estimates 6 CE Downlink Comp Channel Estimation Computational Overhead Uplink CE … … Coherence Time Retrospectively Apply Uplink Pipeline Uplink … … (Still Retrospective)

7. Downlink is Limiting Factor!

8. Background: Multi-User Beamforming 8 Data 1

9. Background: Multi-User Beamforming 9 Data 2

10. Background: Zero-forcing 10 Data 1 Null

11. Background: Zero-forcing 11 Data 2 Null

12. Background: Zero-forcing 12 Data 2 Data 1 Data 6 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5

13. Background: Scaling Up Conjugate 13 Data 1

14. Background: Scaling Up Conjugate 14 Data 1

15. Background: Scaling Up Conjugate 15 Data 1

16. Data 3 Data 5 Background: Scaling Up Conjugate 16 Data 1 Data 6 Data 2 Data 4

17. Conjugate vs. Zero-forcing Negligible Processing Completely Distributed No Latency Overhead Poor Spectral Efficiency 17 O(MK 2 ) Centralized Substantial Overhead Good Spectral Efficiency

18. Under what scenarios, if any, does conjugate precoding outperform zero- forcing?

19. Performance Factors Environmental –Complex, and constantly changing Design –Straightforward and Static 19

20. Performance Factors Environmental –Channel Coherence –Precoder Spectral Efficiency Design –Number of Antennas –Hardware Capability 20

21. Environmental Factor: Channel Coherence Coherence Time –Increases frequency of channel estimation Coherence Bandwidth –Increases coherence bandwidth 21

22. Env. Factor: Precoder Spectral Efficiency Real-world performance, neglecting overhead Performance Depends on: –User Orthogonality –Propagation Effects –Noise –Interference Can be modeled, but impossible to capture everything 22

23. 23

24. Design Factor: Number of Antennas Number of Base Station Antennas (M) –Increases amount of computation Number of User Antennas (K) –Increases channel estimation and computation 24

25. Design Factor: Hardware Capability Conjugate has negligible computational cost Zero-forcing requires: –Bi-Directional Data Transport –Large Matrix Inversions 25

26. Zero-forcing Hardware Factors Channel Bandwidth Quantization Inversion Latency Data Transport –Switching Latency –Throughput 26

27. Performance Model 27

28. Conjugate vs. Zero-forcing

29. Without Considering Computation 29 CE Transmit Comp

30. Spectral Efficiency vs. # of BS antennas K = 15 30 # of Base Station Antennas (M) Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)

31. Spectral Efficiency vs. # of Users M = 64 31 # of Users (K) Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)

32. Considering Computation 32 CE Transmit Comp

33. 33 Zeroforcing with various hardware configurations M = 64 K = 15 Coherence Time (s) Achieved Capacity (bps/Hz)

34. M = 64 C t = 30 ms Performance vs. # of Users 34 # of Users (K) Achieved Capacity (bps/Hz)

35. M = 200 C t = 30 ms Max Multiplexing Gain vs. # of Users # of Users (K) Multiplexing Gain (γ · K) 35

36. Applicability Guide Base Station Design –Refine model for your implementation Enables adaptive precoding 36

37. Ramifications 1 GHz10 GHz Conjugate Adaptive Precoding Zero-forcing Faster Processing More Antennas or Higher Mobility

38. Conclusions Accurate model of real-world precoding performance –Separates unpredictable environmental factors from deterministic design Conjugate can outperform zerforcing Useful for guiding design and enabling adaptive precoding 38 http://argos.rice.edu

39. Questions? http://argos.rice.edu

40. Frame Pipelining Schemes 40 CE Downlink Comp Coherence Time Comp CE Downlink CE … … … … Coherence Time CE Uplink All Downlink All Uplink CE Downlink Comp Uplink CE … … Coherence Time Uplink … … Optimal Coherence Time … … (Not to Scale)