1. Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times

2. Policing in Ancient and English Times 2 2 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times A formal and sophisticated criminal justice system did not exist in ancient times.

3. Policing in Ancient and English Times 3 3 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times An early policing system in which family, tribe, or clan members assumed responsibility for dispensing justice. Kin Police

4. Policing in Ancient and English Times 4 4 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times Written laws became necessary when tribes and clans formed larger groups and nations.

5. Policing in Ancient and English Times 5 5 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi In approximately 2400 B.C., Sumerians started to develop laws and legal regulations.

6. Policing in Ancient and English Times 6 6 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi In 2050 B.C., Sumerians established a written legal code under the ruler Ur- Nammu.

7. Policing in Ancient and English Times 7 7 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi Local officials, or ensis, were responsible for administering the law.

8. Policing in Ancient and English Times 8 8 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Early Uses of Restitution The Sumerians used fines as a punishment. This is an early example of restitution. The Sumerians used fines as a punishment. This is an early example of restitution.

9. Policing in Ancient and English Times 9 9 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Code of Hammurabi A Collection of laws and edicts that provided guidance for a variety of issues, from civil matters to criminal acts; based on the concept of lex talionis. Code of Hammurabi

10. Policing in Ancient and English Times 10 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 An ancient philosophy of justice, which means equal retaliation or “an eye for an eye.” Lex Talionis The Code of Hammurabi

11. Policing in Ancient and English Times 11 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The code provided legal protection to all classes of citizens. The Code of Hammurabi

12. Policing in Ancient and English Times 12 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The code stated that messengers were responsible for enforcing the law. These officials were an early form of police. The code stated that messengers were responsible for enforcing the law. These officials were an early form of police. The Code of Hammurabi

13. Policing in Ancient and English Times 13 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing in Ancient Egypt Policing in Egypt can be traced to around 2900 B.C. Officials called Judges Commandment of the Police were responsible for the security of Egypt and its provinces. Policing in Egypt can be traced to around 2900 B.C. Officials called Judges Commandment of the Police were responsible for the security of Egypt and its provinces.

14. Policing in Ancient and English Times 14 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing in Ancient Egypt Egyptian police had broad powers that included judicial authority.

15. Policing in Ancient and English Times 15 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Nubians from the southern part of the empire were drafted into duty. This may indicate that people had no desire to be police officers. Nubians from the southern part of the empire were drafted into duty. This may indicate that people had no desire to be police officers. The Police Draft

16. Policing in Ancient and English Times 16 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Role of the Vizier A high-ranking ancient Egyptian official who was the only person other than the pharaoh who could act on all civil matters. Vizier

17. Policing in Ancient and English Times 17 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The vizier’s responsibilities included: Role of the Vizier Overseeing the highest court of justice. Collecting taxes across the kingdom. Supervision Egypt’s wars. Acting as chief of police for the kingdom. Overseeing the highest court of justice. Collecting taxes across the kingdom. Supervision Egypt’s wars. Acting as chief of police for the kingdom.

18. Policing in Ancient and English Times 18 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The vizier represented divine authority, perception, and justice. He was expected to be fair and equitable in his dealings with people. The vizier represented divine authority, perception, and justice. He was expected to be fair and equitable in his dealings with people. Role of the Vizier

19. Policing in Ancient and English Times 19 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 To stop smuggling, King Amenhotep established customhouses and a marine patrol. This was one of the earliest forms of customs police. To stop smuggling, King Amenhotep established customhouses and a marine patrol. This was one of the earliest forms of customs police. New Police Units

20. Policing in Ancient and English Times 20 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Around 1340 B.C., Egypt created the River Security Unit to patrol the Nile. New Police Units

21. Policing in Ancient and English Times 21 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 To prevent grave robbing, police units were assigned to 24-hour security duty at the tombs. Police used dogs to help guard property. To prevent grave robbing, police units were assigned to 24-hour security duty at the tombs. Police used dogs to help guard property. New Police Units

22. Policing in Ancient and English Times 22 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Trials by Battle In a trial by battle, a combatant could hire another person to stand in his place in battle. This stand-in individual came to be known as a champion. Today, to champion someone else’s cause means to support it wholeheartedly.

23. Policing in Ancient and English Times 23 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Influence of Ancient Greece Grecian principles of law and justice still influence justice systems throughout the Western world.

24. Policing in Ancient and English Times 24 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Greeks’ earliest system for administering justice was rooted in the philosophy of lex talionis. Early Greek Justice

25. Policing in Ancient and English Times 25 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Eventually, the king replaced the family as an arbitrator between the victim and the accused. A victim could file a complaint against the accused, then the king would hear the case. Eventually, the king replaced the family as an arbitrator between the victim and the accused. A victim could file a complaint against the accused, then the king would hear the case. Early Greek Justice

26. Policing in Ancient and English Times 26 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing was based on the organizing principled of the city-state, or polis. Each polis was an independent political unit with its own personality, laws, and customs. Policing was based on the organizing principled of the city-state, or polis. Each polis was an independent political unit with its own personality, laws, and customs. Early Greek Justice

27. Policing in Ancient and English Times 27 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 One of the first sets of written laws was developed by the Athenian ruler Draco in 621 B.C. This set of laws is known as the Draconian Code. One of the first sets of written laws was developed by the Athenian ruler Draco in 621 B.C. This set of laws is known as the Draconian Code. Evolving Written Laws

28. Policing in Ancient and English Times 28 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Evolving Written Laws A very harsh ancient Greek code that made many crimes, even property crimes, into capital offenses; also allowed debtors to be sold into slavery. Draconian Code

29. Policing in Ancient and English Times 29 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Solon became the chief magistrate of Athens in 594 B.C. Solon’s reforms to Athenian law were considered very lenient for his era. Solon became the chief magistrate of Athens in 594 B.C. Solon’s reforms to Athenian law were considered very lenient for his era. Evolving Written Laws

30. Policing in Ancient and English Times 30 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Pisistratus, in an early example of publicly authorized police power, staged an attack on himself to convince the people of Athens to create a personal security force. Evolving Written Laws

31. Policing in Ancient and English Times 31 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Cleisthenes, an Athenian statesman, proposed a constitution that would give all citizens a chance to serve in government. His reforms were implemented in 507 B.C. Cleisthenes, an Athenian statesman, proposed a constitution that would give all citizens a chance to serve in government. His reforms were implemented in 507 B.C. Evolving Written Laws

32. Policing in Ancient and English Times 32 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 During the rule of Pericles in 450-429 B.C., Athens maintained a police force that was supervised by a group of criminal commissioners known as The Eleven. The Eleven

33. Policing in Ancient and English Times 33 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Innovations of Ancient Rome The important contributions to policing made during the Roman Empire were: 1. The Law of the Twelve Tablets 2. New police units created by Caesar Augustus 3.The creation of the praetor 1. The Law of the Twelve Tablets 2. New police units created by Caesar Augustus 3.The creation of the praetor

34. Policing in Ancient and English Times 34 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Law of the Twelve Tablets The first set of written law in ancient Rome; grouped civil and criminal law, legal procedures, and some social regulations. Law of the Twelve Tablets

35. Policing in Ancient and English Times 35 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The simplicity of the Law of the Twelve Tablets armed the lower classes to protect themselves against tyranny. Law of the Twelve Tablets

36. Policing in Ancient and English Times 36 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The three types of police organizations that developed under the reign of Augustus were: Policing under Emperor Augustus 1. Praetorian guard 2. Urban cohort 3. Vigiles 1. Praetorian guard 2. Urban cohort 3. Vigiles

37. Policing in Ancient and English Times 37 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing under Emperor Augustus A Roman police force that existed mainly to protect the life of the emperor and his property, specifically his palace. Praetorian Guard

38. Policing in Ancient and English Times 38 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing under Emperor Augustus A Roman police force that dealt with problems of street crimes and mob violence by patrolling the streets and maintaining public order. Urban Cohort

39. Policing in Ancient and English Times 39 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Policing under Emperor Augustus A special Roman corps of 7,000 men who served as both firemen and night police. Vigiles

40. Policing in Ancient and English Times 40 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 As the Roman Empire grew, it needed a body of law that was applicable to Roman citizens and subjects in foreign colonies. The Praetor

41. Policing in Ancient and English Times 41 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The praetor had jurisdiction in criminal matters and also possessed police powers. The Praetor

42. Policing in Ancient and English Times 42 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The Praetor A Roman judge who changed the law and created new laws as necessary. Praetor

43. Policing in Ancient and English Times 43 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 The praetor assigned a subordinate called a quaesitor to investigate and prosecute cases that came from the lower classes. The Praetor

44. Policing in Ancient and English Times 44 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 Magistrates policed the city, supervised the state prison, and executed criminals. The power of the magistrates was similar to The Eleven. Magistrates policed the city, supervised the state prison, and executed criminals. The power of the magistrates was similar to The Eleven. The Praetor

45. Policing in Ancient and English Times 45 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 In 585 A.D., the emperor Justinian ordered the old code to be revised. Justinian’s Code had a large influence on the legal systems in Europe and the Americas. In 585 A.D., the emperor Justinian ordered the old code to be revised. Justinian’s Code had a large influence on the legal systems in Europe and the Americas. The Praetor

46. Policing in Ancient and English Times 46 Policing in Ancient Times 2.2 ? 1.Explain the concept of lex talionis. 2.What are four great contributions of ancient cultures to the development of policing? 1.Explain the concept of lex talionis. 2.What are four great contributions of ancient cultures to the development of policing?

47. End of Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times End of Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times