1. Unit XXV – Modern Terrorism This presentation is a limited description of terrorist organizations that have conducted the most notorious attacks. Most of the groups react to foreign policies of the United States, especially in the Middle East. Copyright 2006; C. Pettinato, RCS High School, All Rights Reserved

2. 1. Map of Israel – Primary Target

3. 2. Video - Palestinian Land Claims

4. 3. Definitions A. Terrorism – The deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political goals. B. Terrorist – A person who commits random acts of violence to achieve political goals. C. Primary Goals of Terrorists - Destruction of governments resulting in regime change and also territorial gain.

5. 4. Al Qaeda - 1988 A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. World Trade Center – 1993 1. World Trade Center – 1993 2. Tanzanian and Kenyan US Embassies – 1998 2. Tanzanian and Kenyan US Embassies – 1998 3. USS Cole – 2000 3. USS Cole – 2000 4. World Trade Center 2001 4. World Trade Center 2001 5. Kenyan Hotel -2002 5. Kenyan Hotel -2002 6. Bali nightclub – 2002 6. Bali nightclub – 2002 7. Many attacks in Saudi Arabia – 2001-2004 7. Many attacks in Saudi Arabia – 2001-2004 8. Istanbul synagogue and HSBC bank – 2004 8. Istanbul synagogue and HSBC bank – 2004 B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. to unite Muslims to fight against the U.S. as a way of defeating Israel 1. to unite Muslims to fight against the U.S. as a way of defeating Israel 2. overthrowing non-Islamic regimes 2. overthrowing non-Islamic regimes 3. expelling westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries 3. expelling westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries 4. merged with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 2001 4. merged with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 2001 5. merged with al-Zarqawi’s group -2004 5. merged with al-Zarqawi’s group -2004

6. 5. 9/11/01 – The Second World Trade Center Attack

7. 6. Al Qaeda (cont.) C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. Usama bin Laden 1. Usama bin Laden 2. Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi 2. Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi 3. Ayman al-Zawahiri 3. Ayman al-Zawahiri D. Financing; D. Financing; 1. personal wealth - Usama 1. personal wealth - Usama 2. fund raising –false Muslim and humanitarian charities 2. fund raising –false Muslim and humanitarian charities 3. wealthy Arab sheiks (Saudi Arabia) 3. wealthy Arab sheiks (Saudi Arabia) 4. individuals and businesses 4. individuals and businesses 5. the heroin trade 5. the heroin trade

8. 7. Usama bin Laden

9. 8. Hezbollah – The Party of God – Islamic Jihad (1982) A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. many attacks in Israel (80’s – 90’s) 1. many attacks in Israel (80’s – 90’s) 2. US Embassy (1984) 2. US Embassy (1984) 3. Marine Barracks, Lebanon, 1984 3. Marine Barracks, Lebanon, 1984 4. kidnapping of Americans in Lebanon - 1980’s 4. kidnapping of Americans in Lebanon - 1980’s 5. TWA hijacking – 1985 5. TWA hijacking – 1985 6. Israeli Embassy attack – 1992 6. Israeli Embassy attack – 1992 B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. elimination of Israel, liberation of Jerusalem, and Islamic rule in Lebanon 1. elimination of Israel, liberation of Jerusalem, and Islamic rule in Lebanon 2. guidance and assistance to other extremist groups 2. guidance and assistance to other extremist groups 3. Independent State of Palestine 3. Independent State of Palestine

10. 9. Hezbollah (cont.) C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1.Ideas of the former Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran) 1.Ideas of the former Ayatollah Khomeini (Iran) 2. Sec. Gen. - Hasan Nasrallah of the Consultative Council (ruling body) 2. Sec. Gen. - Hasan Nasrallah of the Consultative Council (ruling body) D. Financing: D. Financing: 1. Iran 1. Iran 2. false charities and humanitarian groups 2. false charities and humanitarian groups 3. wealthy individuals 3. wealthy individuals 4. diplomatic, political, and logistical support from Syria 4. diplomatic, political, and logistical support from Syria 5. businesses 5. businesses

11. 10. The Hezbollah Flag

12. 11. Hamas (1987) A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. Many bombings, suicide bombings, rocket and artillery attacks, kidnappings, beatings, and other acts of violence against Israeli civilians during 80’s and 90’s- hundreds of casualties 1. Many bombings, suicide bombings, rocket and artillery attacks, kidnappings, beatings, and other acts of violence against Israeli civilians during 80’s and 90’s- hundreds of casualties 2. provides relief, education, to Palestinians 2. provides relief, education, to Palestinians 3. provides political participation 3. provides political participation B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. destruction of Israel 1. destruction of Israel 2. destruction of Judaism 2. destruction of Judaism 3. political violence 3. political violence 4. creation of a Palestinian State 4. creation of a Palestinian State

13. 12. Hamas (cont.) C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. Saikh Ahmed Yassir – founder 1. Saikh Ahmed Yassir – founder 2. Mohammad Taha – political Leader 2. Mohammad Taha – political Leader 3. Many top officials have been assassinated by Israel 3. Many top officials have been assassinated by Israel D. Financing: D. Financing: 1. Israel at 1 st, to balance the power of Al Fatah 1. Israel at 1 st, to balance the power of Al Fatah 2. Saudi Arabia 2. Saudi Arabia 3. various other Middle East countries 3. various other Middle East countries 4. illegal drug sales 4. illegal drug sales

14. 13. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) - 1967 A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. numerous international attacks in 1970’s (some airliner hijackings) 1. numerous international attacks in 1970’s (some airliner hijackings) 2. Israeli settler and her son – 1996 2. Israeli settler and her son – 1996 3. at least 2 suicide bombings in Israel since 2003 3. at least 2 suicide bombings in Israel since 2003 4. assassination of Israeli tourism minister - 2001 4. assassination of Israeli tourism minister - 2001 B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. freedom for Palestine 1. freedom for Palestine 2. freedom for the Gaza strip 2. freedom for the Gaza strip 3. revolution against western imperialism 3. revolution against western imperialism C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. George Habash (67) 1. George Habash (67) D. Financing: D. Financing: 1. Syria 1. Syria 2. wealthy individ./business 2. wealthy individ./business

15. 14. Al-Fatah A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. numerous attacks of international terrorism – 60’s, 70’s 1. numerous attacks of international terrorism – 60’s, 70’s 2. Black September – 72, Munich 2. Black September – 72, Munich 3. no know attacks since 1993 3. no know attacks since 1993 B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. Destruction of Israel and the creation of a Palestinian State, training other terrorist groups 1. Destruction of Israel and the creation of a Palestinian State, training other terrorist groups C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. Yassir Arafat 1. Yassir Arafat D. Financing: D. Financing: 1. wealthy individuals 1. wealthy individuals 2. businesses 2. businesses 3. illegal activities 3. illegal activities 4. Saudi Arabia 4. Saudi Arabia 5. Kuwait 5. Kuwait E. Evolution: E. Evolution: 1. turned into a political party (PLO) in 1993 and claimed to represent the Palestinians 1. turned into a political party (PLO) in 1993 and claimed to represent the Palestinians 2. Current leader – Mahmoud Abbas 2. Current leader – Mahmoud Abbas

16. 15. Yassir Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas

17. 16. The Flag of the Palestinian Liberation Organization

18. 17. The PLO

19. 18. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) A. political wing created in 1993 when Yassir Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles with Israel, renouncing violence A. political wing created in 1993 when Yassir Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles with Israel, renouncing violence B. Yassir Arafat was the chairman B. Yassir Arafat was the chairman C. no incidents of terrorism have been connected to this organization since. C. no incidents of terrorism have been connected to this organization since. D. it has advocated for a Palestinian State D. it has advocated for a Palestinian State E. under Arafat, it publicly discouraged violence F. it also, ignored violence when it was committed, and failed to arrest terrorists despite having it’s police force financed by the U.S. E. under Arafat, it publicly discouraged violence F. it also, ignored violence when it was committed, and failed to arrest terrorists despite having it’s police force financed by the U.S.

20. 19. Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (2000) A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. In Israel and the occupied territories against troops, civilians: 1. In Israel and the occupied territories against troops, civilians: a. shootings, suicide bombings, beatings, rocket and artillery attacks, murdering cooperating Palestinians a. shootings, suicide bombings, beatings, rocket and artillery attacks, murdering cooperating Palestinians b. responsible for the intifada b. responsible for the intifada B. Goals: 1. driving Israeli settlers from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip B. Goals: 1. driving Israeli settlers from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip 2. establishment of a Palestinian State 2. establishment of a Palestinian State C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. No significant leader, 2. related to Al Fatah 1. No significant leader, 2. related to Al Fatah D. Financing D. Financing 1. Many public accusations of financing from Iran and Hezbollah 1. Many public accusations of financing from Iran and Hezbollah

21. 20. Al-Jihad A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. Numerous high level Egyptian government officials (Anwar Sadat) 1. Numerous high level Egyptian government officials (Anwar Sadat) 2. U.S. and Israeli intelligence officials 2. U.S. and Israeli intelligence officials B: Goals: B: Goals: 1. the overthrow of Egypt and the establishment of an Islamic state 1. the overthrow of Egypt and the establishment of an Islamic state 2. merged with al Qaeda(2001) 2. merged with al Qaeda(2001) C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. Ayman al-Zawahiri 1. Ayman al-Zawahiri D. Financing: D. Financing: 1. early financing unknown 1. early financing unknown 2. since 1998 from al Qaeda 2. since 1998 from al Qaeda

22. 21. Ayman al-Zawahiri

23. 22. Abu Nidal (1974) A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. In 20 different countries killing over 900 people 1. In 20 different countries killing over 900 people 2. Rome, Vienna airports – 1985 2. Rome, Vienna airports – 1985 3. Istanbul synagogue, (85) 3. Istanbul synagogue, (85) 4. Pan Am F-73 in Karachi (86) 4. Pan Am F-73 in Karachi (86) 5. Greek cruise ship (88) 5. Greek cruise ship (88) 6. attacks ag. PLO ministers 6. attacks ag. PLO ministers 7. No attacks since late 80’s 7. No attacks since late 80’s B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. elimination of Israel 1. elimination of Israel 2. elimination of anyone who cooperates with Israel 2. elimination of anyone who cooperates with Israel C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1.Sabri al-Banna (Abu Nidal) – died 2002 1.Sabri al-Banna (Abu Nidal) – died 2002 D. Financing: Iraq, Syria, Libya D. Financing: Iraq, Syria, Libya

24. 23. The Irish Republican Army (IRA)

25. 24. The IRA (cont.)(1969) A. Attacks: A. Attacks: 1. bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, punishment, beatings, 1. bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, punishment, beatings, extortion, robberies in Britain, Northern Ireland, and Ireland extortion, robberies in Britain, Northern Ireland, and Ireland B. Goals: B. Goals: 1. removing British forces from Northern Ireland and reuniting Ireland and Northern Ireland 1. removing British forces from Northern Ireland and reuniting Ireland and Northern Ireland 2. protecting Catholics and punishing Protestants 2. protecting Catholics and punishing Protestants 3. voluntarily disarmed in 2005 3. voluntarily disarmed in 2005 C. Individuals: C. Individuals: 1. various leaders – current - Gerry Adams (SF) 1. various leaders – current - Gerry Adams (SF) 2. formed as a radical wing of the Political Party Sinn Fein 2. formed as a radical wing of the Political Party Sinn Fein D. Financing: D. Financing: Libya, PLO, sympathizers in the U.S. Libya, PLO, sympathizers in the U.S.

26. 25. Gerry Adams – Sinn Fein

27. 26. Important Terms and People A. Terrorism B. Terrorist C. Al Qaeda D. Usama bin Laden E. Abu Mus’ab al Zarqawi F. Ayman al Zawahiri G. Hezbollah H. Hamas I. PFLP J. Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade K. Abu Nidal L. Al-Jihad M. IRA N. Sinn Fein O. Gerry Adams P. intifada- armed struggle against Israel in the occupied territories