2. C ELLULAR P ROCESSES Cellular Energy

3. E NERGY R ELATIONSHIPS  autotroph “auto” = self “auto” = self “troph” = nourishment “troph” = nourishment  heterotroph “hetero” = others “hetero” = others “troph” = nourishment “troph” = nourishment

4. What are you? a.an autotroph b.a heterotroph

5. A UTOTROPHS  make their own food (organic, energy- containing substance) from an inorganic source  also called producers Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria. Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.  Two types photosynthetic photosynthetic chemosynthetic chemosynthetic

6. H ETEROTROPHS  depend on other organisms for their energy source Examples include humans, animals, fungi, and most bacteria.  also called consumers

8. SYNTHESIS P HOTO

9. P HOTOSYNTHESIS the process of taking light energy and converting it into stored chemical energy

10. W HAT IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY ?

11. the ultimate source of energy for living things S UN

12. P HOTOSYNTHESIS P HOTOSYNTHESIS  kinetic energy from the sun  potential energy in the form of a chemical (glucose)  A glucose molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule

13. Glucose is a a.monosaccharide. b.disaccharide. c.polysaccharide.

14. adenosine triphosphate adenosine 123 ATPphosphates

15. Energy can be stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule. a.true b.false

16. adenosine triphosphate ATP

18. adenosine diphosphate adenosine 12 ADPphosphates

19. ATP  adenosine triphosphate  represents stored energy  easily converted to ADP

20. ADP  adenosine diphosphate  represents released energy(exothermic reaction)  easily converted back to ATP

21. adenosine adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

22. adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

23. adenosine adenosine 123 ATP triphosphate diphosphate ADP

24. U SABLE E NERGY  ADP + P + energy = ATP (stored energy) ATP (stored energy)  ATP – P = ADP (released energy) ADP (released energy) Making a bond- stores energy Breaking a bond- releases energy

26. ATP IS USED FOR: ATP IS USED FOR:  ACTIVE TRANSPORT SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP  MUSCLE CONTRACTION  BUILDING POLYMERS LIKE RNA  CELLULAR MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION

27. SYNTHESIS P HOTO P HOTO

28. H ISTORY  van Helmont A plant's substance does not come from the soil.  Priestley Plants take in CO 2 and give off O 2.

29. H ISTORY H ISTORY  Ingenhousz Plants require sunlight and water for proper growth.  Calvin Photosynthesis occurs in phases.

32. C HLOROPHYLL  primary catalyst of photosynthesis  green pigment in the grana of chloroplasts  produced by plant cells (requires iron and sunlight)  becomes activated by light energy

33. O THER P LANT P IGMENTS  different types of chlorophyll (a, b, c, d)  other pigments also  chlorophyll a: the primary catalyst for photosynthesis

34. http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg

35. Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg wavelengths colors Bill Nye video

36. Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT.... Myth: Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

37. BUT… W E “ SEE ” REFLECTED LIGHT Light wavelengths that are ___________off of objects bounce back to our eyes. That is the ___________ we “see” Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html REFLECTED COLOR

38. This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg except absorbs ALL BLUE reflected

39. The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9 except red reflected GO CATS!

40. Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif absorbs ALL ENERGY

41. The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

42. L IGHT -D EPENDENT P HASE 1.Chlorophyll is energized. 2.Photolysis occurs. 3.Oxygen from split water is released.

43. L IGHT -D EPENDENT P HASE 4.The hydrogen & electrons from split water bind to a compound to be used later. NADP + NADPH 5.Remaining energy is used to change ADP into ATP.

44. Light Dependent Reaction Light Dependent Reaction

45. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n Calvin Cycle

46. L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE  also called the Calvin Cycle  occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts

47. L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 1.Carbon dioxide binds to a chemical called RuBP. 2.The resulting compound is unstable and breaks into two molecules of PGA.

48. L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 3.PGA is converted to PGAL using the hydrogen and electrons from NADPH. The energy comes from ATP changing to ADP.

49. L IGHT -I NDEPENDENT P HASE 4.PGAL is used in two ways. –to form RuBP –to synthesize glucose

50. C ALVIN C YCLE A NIMATIONS C ALVIN C YCLE A NIMATIONS

51. C ONDITIONS FOR P HOTOSYNTHESIS  proper wavelengths of light  carbon dioxide  proper temperatures  water supply

52. 6 H 2 O B ALANCED E QUATION chlorophyll + 6 CO 2 + C6H12O6 + light energy 6 O 2

53. What happens during photolysis? a.Water is split. b. Light is split. c. Energy is stored. d. Energy is released.

54. What is the catalyst that captures the light energy? a.RuBP b.glucose c.chlorophyll d.water

55. In which phase does photolysis occur? a.light-dependent phase b.light-independent phase

56. Which chemical is a CO 2 acceptor? a.PGAL b.NADPH c.H 2 O d.RuBP

57. ADP is converted to ATP in the a.light-dependent phase. b.light-independent phase.

58. C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION

59. the breakdown of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION

60. P HOTOSYNTHESIS kinetic energy kinetic energy stored chemical energy (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

61. C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION stored chemical energy (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) usable chemical energy usable chemical energy

62. C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION  aerobic requires oxygen  anaerobic does not require oxygen

63. A EROBIC C ELLULAR R ESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + energy (ATP) H 2 O + CO 2 + energy (ATP)

64. MITOCHONDRIA

65. G LYCOLYSIS  beginning for both types of cellular respiration  does not require oxygen  occurs in the cytoplasm which contains the enzymes necessary for the series of reactions

66. G LYCOLYSIS G LYCOLYSIS  breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, H +, and electrons  products are sent to the mitochondria  two net ATP  Two NADH molecules

67. A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) pyruvic acid into citric acid pyruvic acid into citric acid also produces H + and electrons also produces H + and electrons two net ATP two net ATP CO2 diffuses out of mitochondria and leaves the cell CO2 diffuses out of mitochondria and leaves the cell

68. A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  hydrogen and electron transport system occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria forms ATP as electrons pass from one enzyme to another forms ATP as electrons pass from one enzyme to another

69. A EROBIC R ESPIRATION  hydrogen and electron transport system hydrogen and electron transport system hydrogen and electron transport system – ends as the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water – 32 net ATP

70. E NERGY F ACTS  Aerobic cellular respiration stores 50–60% of the energy from glucose in molecules of ATP.  Aerobic cellular respiration results in the net gain of 36 molecules of ATP.

71. A NAEROBIC R ESPIRATION  cellular fermentation breakdown of food (glucose) without oxygen breakdown of food (glucose) without oxygen  Two main pathways of fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

72. C ELLULAR F ERMENTATION  Glycolysis forms pyruvic acid.  Pyruvic acid is converted into either alcohol or lactic acid.

73. C ELLULAR F ERMENTATION  alcoholic fermentation- 2 step process bacteria bacteria yeasts yeasts  lactic acid fermentation- 1 step bacteria bacteria many animal cells many animal cells

74. E NERGY F ACTS  Cellular fermentation supplies no ATP energy beyond glycolysis.  Cellular fermentation results in the net gain of two molecules of ATP.

76. What is cellular respiration? a.enzymatic breakdown of substances b. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment c. breakdown of food to release usable energy for the cell d. synthesis of organic compounds

77. Glycolysis is anaerobic. a.true b.false

78. How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis? a.2 ATP b. 4 ATP c. 32 ATP d. 36 ATP